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ae | GOLDEN CABINET: BEING THE 7 oF ROR AT OR 2 HANDMAID to the ARTS. GR De ENS
Such Branches of U/eful Kieu As nearly concerns all‘Kinds of People, From the Seurre tothe PEASANT: AND WILL AFFORD 307M
Proritr and DELIGHT.
PART THE FIRST.
PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED AND SOLD BY WILLIAM'SPOTSWOOQD5 AND H. AND P. RICE, MARKET-STREET.
1793°
vara a ei Wares.
rue Pee
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| O: GILDING in general, - -
AR ef.
) of pildiig, filvering, bronzing, japan-
ning, laquering, and the ftaining dif- ferent kinds of fubftances, with all the variety of colours.
Pian.
Of the inftruments that are common to oi, burnifh, and japanners’ gilding, - : 2 The manner of oil gilding, and the preparation of fat oil, 4 p AOE burnih siding ; with the reparation “th the pro- per fizes, &e. - 7 , Of japanners’ gilding, - - - II “OF gilding paper, vellum, or Jacohinéaks eee Of the gilding on paper proper to be ufed along with painting in water-colours, or frefco, 16 Of the gilding proper for the coloured paper for . binding books, and other fuch purpofes, . 17 Of gilding proper for letters of gold on ai and the embellifhment of manufcripts, - 18 Of gilding proper for the edges of books and paper; 20
\ A3
ae Pact. on Of gilding teat her, “s a ch “Eahid ito ab bhoranier eat |
OF gilding of glafs withoat annealing or ‘burning, 32 Of filvering, - Of bronzing;- ~ .- - eat Ee, Oe ee Of japanning, - . - - . 38 Of japan grounds, - - -,
1 Of common grounds of tnt which are to be
painted upon, - - . apts 42,
Of white j japan grounds, as - 43
~ OF blue j japan grounds, - . : . 44,
: OF red japan grounds, = got Pe A ibe
I
Of yellow japan grounds, - ° . 45. OF green japan grounds, - - - - = 46
mer AOE orange coloured japan grounds, - - ib.
OF purple j japan grounds, - ib. : Of black japan grounds, to-be produced without
: ~~ heat, . 2 Fa “Hb, Of common biel} japan eee on iron or cope
| produced by means of heat, ~ ib. “OF the fine tortoife-fhell japan eer, produced
‘by means of hear, : 47
Of painting japan work, - - > - 48
Of varnifhing japan work, - - Seer fe
OF gilding japan work, eR s - - 51
Of laquering, - . : - - 52
Of ftaining-wood- nalie, Ms oe : . - $5
OF ttaining wood red, - - Sires tal sete. 5°
) Of ftaining wood blue, ° — — prin!
: Of taining wood of mahogany soho = 9b
Of . ftaining wood green; — -- ae i:
, (OF taining wood purples — ~ 56
Of itaining wood black, a —- ab
Of ftaining i ivory, bone, and horn, yellow, - 6 Of taining i ivory, bone, and horn, green,* - Of flaining i ivory, bone, atid horn, red, - ib, OF ftaining i ivory, bone, and horn, blue, - OF flaining ivory, bone, and horn, purple, -
( OF ftaining horn to’ imitate tortoife-fhell, - ib ‘Yo. flain ivory, bone, and horn, black, an
-
Pot, S CONTENTS 2 ait!
Ass . meee . f ftaining paper, or parchment, yellow, “+ 61°
flaining paper, or parchment, red, =~ 62,
ftaining paper, or parchment, green, -
fftaining paper, or parchment, blue, ~ + ib. f flaining paper, or parchment, orange, -
fF ftaining paper, or parchment, purple, = = 63 fF flaining alabafler, marble, and other ftones, of various colours, — — _ ib, )f the method of preparing and colouring marbled
; paper, = eaisd as By z Phe original recipe for making Pruffian blue, as publifhed by Dr. Woodward, - - The Englith fifty pounds premium receipt for ei- ‘ther taking or deftroying rats or mice, without poifon, oni ats ‘ier ee “nother receipt likewife by a candidate for the fif- ty pounds premium, _ —~ — Difcovery of the true reafon of burning fulphur ia - hogheads, for preferving wine, by anew and cu~
68 ib.
rious experiment, — — — 69 Fr foftening eryftal, <n ~ ib. The ufeful alarm:bel!, — —_ — 70 The manner of filvering looking glafles, as done ie
in London and Birmingham, — —_ the The furprifing effects of fuccinum or yellow amber, i. For foftening ivory and bones, — -—- 7" For foftening glais, ~~ —_— — ib. Another preparation for foftening bones, — ibe A ready way for melting irea, — oe ihe The virtues of fuccinum, —_— — — ide.
A remarkable circumftance concerning ale ; with an unerring method of brewing malt liquor, that will foon be fine and fit for drinking; and far more palatable and wholefome than what is pro- cured from the too common, erroneous way many
_ brewers follow, pis ee — — ib.
The benefits ariling from drinking tar-water, = - 75
Bithop Berk/ey’s manner of preparing tar-water, 76
Hoy: to take off fuperfluous hair, — — 1b
=
as - !
he.
ay
NRYUNLTON
To make vinegar of beer, To turn acid cider into vinegar,
The celebrated Bath |
ftains, -&c.
ee
To clean jewels, pearl, &c. To boil up plate, to look like new,
ee
7
iquid for taking out {pots,
—
A fafe and fure cure for an intermitting fever, — i to prevent the fmoaking of lamp-oil, — ow to make Homberg’s black phofphorus, which ' takes fire Hiamediagely on being -fxpaled to the ‘open air, — - Another phalnbathn, by Mr. ‘Homberg, _ j The fuccefsful method of- ‘Prepermng t the Ghatebocur of urine, — To make a varnith for beata, thiat will Gate | it to look like gold, — — — To make a varnifh for any thing covered with h bak
filver, — — — — =
TABLE or CONTENTS.
% PART It Pacs. Chr drawing in general, — — 87 Rules to be obferved in drawing, — — 88 Proper materials for drawing, — — gt Of lights and fhadows, oes as aes ib.
Directions for mixing and making colours, — 93 Some neceffary remarks on colours, &¢.
95 lo make a -varnith for filver, — 1OL Manner of engraving on copper, &c. ib.
Method of etching on copper, &c. _
Different ways of making carmine, —
"The preparation of ultramarine, —_ — ib. "to foften ivory and other bones, —
To whiten ivory, — — Staining and marbling of ivory, —
the true method of making fealing wax, &c. 107 © To imitate fruit in wax, oot
Deen I el
—— — 108 Tow to reprefent the face, &c. in wax, a ib. OF varnifhes in general, wie wiles pases ib.
To make white varoith, ahs Sel hie: Gees 109
The whice amber varnifh, according to Mr. Boyle, id.- A hard varnith, that will bear the muffle,
— 110
To make a varnifh for gold, or metal, made in im- itation of gold, —_— _ — ib.
Laying on of varnifhes, _— — — L1T.
il CON TE.N T'S.
Pacy Painting in oil, “we — — mie! i OD Painting on cloth or canvas, — — 1: Painting on walls, —_ — — ib To paincibg on wood, a _— — 11; In paiating on fone or metals, — Ses ib All the colours ufed in frefco, vam iia ib Colour, in dying, &c, --- ~— — id Dying. in general, — — — rt The materals ufedin the art of dying, — id General obfervations upon dying, — 117 Dying of wooiand woollen manufa@ures, — 11 Dying of filks, ee — ee 12 ‘The dying of thread, _ — — 12!
A preparation for enring wens, by which a perfon has acquired a coufsderable fortune, and much
reputation, — —_— a — Method of colouring brandy = — The way to make fealing wafers, - - Sympathetic powder, — -- -— To purify butter, and make it of a mof {weet
talte, hie nes pte ra
The virtue of a cruft of bread, eat ina morning fafting ; publifhed by an eminent. poyfician,
ConftruGion of almanacks, — —
A neceflary Pocket Almanack, by which the day
- of the month is known, at firft view, from the prefent time, to the year of our Lord, 1831,
To make an artificial Malaga wine, - - To make an artificial claret, _— —
To make an artificial malmfey, — — ‘!’o make rafberry wine, _— — — Another way to do the fame, oo — To purify olive oil, that it may be eaten with
pleafure, — — — —
To make fage, parfley, or pennyroyal butter, To purify and refine fugar, © — —
To make a plant grow in two or three hours, To reduce a whole vegetable into a liquor Which may be called the eflence thereof, = eee
CONTENTS. in Pacz.
*o make the lively form and idea of any plant ap- pear in a glafs, weet pists — 128 ‘nother way to make the effence of a plant, - 129 \nother way to make the true effence, or rather
quinteflence, ate eens Sate ib. “o make the form of a firr tree appear in colophonia, ib. ‘0 make hartfhorn feemingly grow in a glafs, ib. ‘o make a durable and lafting oil, — — 130- "o make a candle that thal laft ite - ib,
'o make the dittilled oi] out of any herb, feel flower, or paper, ina moment, withouta fitnace: ib. "9 teduce rofin lato turpentine again, - ib, ‘o write or engrave upon anegg, pebble, flint, &e. 131 ‘o make a powder, which Se 3 wetted fhall be
kindled, — — — ih, ‘o make a room feem to be on n fire, - - ih. ‘o make the four elements appear in a glafs, - 132 ‘o reprefent the whole world in a glafs, ee ee ‘a make regulus of antimony, for antimonial,
cups, — —_ — a th, ‘> make Barbers’ wath-balls, — a 13
‘o make common wafh-balls the beft ofthat kind, id. ‘o make unguentum pomatum, or ointment. of
apples, — — — — oo ib. ‘o inake a compound pomatum, - — 5d. ‘o cleanfe the fkin, _ — oe 134. ‘o make the fkin foft and fmooth, — ih.
. water to cleanfe the face from fcurf or morphew, it, Ln-unguent which brings the fkin to an exquifite
beanty; Sekt aes an — ib. ‘oO mase the hair lank and flag that curls too much, 70, 'o make the hair grow long and foft, o ib. 'o preferve the hair from fplitting at the ends. ib. fivert powder ta lay among cloaths, - ib, nother for thé fame, or to wear about one, 135 n excellent perfuming powder for the hair, + — #, . perfume'to fmoak and burn, — — th. o make/red writing ink, — “= th,
Ruther way, — — — the
iv CONTENTS.
j . Pace To make green ink to write with _ a Another way, — -—~ — ib To make blue ink to write with, — — ib To make red writing ink of vermillion, — ib To make printers’ black, = — oo ih To make red printing ink, —~ — ib To make green printing ink, ' — — ih To make red foft wax, _ —_ —. tb The fame otherwife, — —_- = 13? To make green wax, — — — ib To make black wax, — -— — ib To make wax perfumed, — — —_— tb To make hard fealing wax, — — th
A ftrong glue for pipes and aqueduds, - ib To make a very ftrong glue, -- — ib To make artificial pearls, — — 13!
~
4 en ae Pn eee a ee ee = a -
TABLE or CONTENTS,
PART Ll.
ee
If the nature and compofition of Glafs, and the art of counterfeiting Gems of
every kind.
Pace. @ GLASS in general, — _ 141 DF the materials ferving for the body of glafs, 146 | Df the materials ufed as fluxes in the compotition of glafs, — —_ — —- 150 Df the materials ufed to make glafé colourlefs, 156 Df the inftruments and utenfils employed in the compofition and preparation of glafs, - 159 Of the feveral kinds of white glafs, and their com- pofition in general, _ 163 Of the nature and pompenene of flint- giafis and the German cryttal glafs, — — ib. Compofition of the mott perfe& kind of flint-glafs, 165 Compofition of flint-glafs with a greater propor- tion of falts, — — — 166 Cheaper compofition of flint-glafs with arfenic, ib.
Cheaper compofition of glafs by means of com- mon falt, — — xh
167
fi CONTENTS.
4 Pace; Cheapeft cotnpofition of flint-glafs by the addition of arfenic and commen falt, — — 167 Compofition of the beft German cryttal glafs, id. Cheaper compofition of German cryttal glafs, 168 Of the nature and compofition of the glafs proper for plates for mirrors or looking glafles, . ibe Manner of purifying pearl- afhes, - 169
Beft compofition of glafs for looking-glafs plates, 170 Cheaper compofition for looking glafs plates, - id. Of the nature and compofition of window-glafs, 171 Compofition of crown (or the beft window) ‘glafs, 4d. Compofition for a cheaper kind of window-glafs, ib. Compofition of common or green window-glafs, 172 Cheapeft compofition of common or green window-
glafs, — ous: pee id. Of the nature and compotion of the glafs for 'phials, —— ta ee ib. Compofition of the belt ft phial gilts, — 8s gist a compofition of ob or common phial ; . afs, _ wd ib, Of the commixture of the fngeedtents for the ie ral compofitions of white tranfpar¢nt glafs, 173
Of the manner of melting and fufiog the feveral -compofitions, in order to their Converfion into glafs; with the means of judging when theyi- trification.is perfeet, — me 175
Of the means of promoting and accelerating: the perfe& vitrification of the ingredients, when the ‘compofition proves defeétive in that point ; with. ‘the means of removing any wellqwith or, green-
ifh tinge that may arife, Peery 196 Of the compofition and treatment ‘of the common. « bottle, or green-glafs, — — 178.
Compofition of green or bottle-glafs, ee oh
Compofition of green or bottle- see ds with the ad- Hoe: dition of fcoria or clinkers, | tbs
Of the general nature of coloured glafe, a of the feveral compofitions proper for receiving the colours, in order to the forming glafs, or pattes,
~~”
CONTENTS. ili
eats Pace, in imitation of precious ftones; with the Dean
ties attendant on each, — 180 Of the nature and preparation of the fubttances
ufed for tinging glafs, _ 182 Compofition of hard glafs, and paftes, proper for
receiving colours, 183 Method of bringing pear!- Hallion, or any Gitibe fixed alkaline falts of vegetables, to the higheft de- gree of purity, abi for the moft crap eteHe
glafs, — 184 Compofitiog of the ‘belt ad hardeft iy ‘for Tee te ceiving colours, -—- as —_ ibe
Compofition of the beft glafs for receiving colours ; but fomewhat lefs hard than the above, S ib. Compofition of foft glafs, or i ela for
receiving colours, - 185 Compofition of glafs, or pts, ioeh fofter thin the above, fe - - - ib,
Compofitions of Guass, or Paste, of a red colour.
Qe ae of fine red aes refembling the ruby, — — 187 -ompofition of a patte efimbifiagy $1 the ruby, — ib. compofition of a cheaper pafte refembling the ruby, #5. -ompofition for hard glafs refembling the garnet, 188 cheaper compofition of hard glafs refembling the — garnet, = — — ae — — ib. Compofition of pafte of the colour of garnet, —— ib. vompofition of hard gah refembling the vinegar garnet, _ —_— =— bh.
Sompofitions of Grass, and Pastr, of a blue coleur.
CAMPDEITION of hard glataic of a very full blue colour, _ — 189 ‘ompofition of pafte of a full blue pan thes —. tb.
iv CONTENTS, Pace. Gait soficion of hard glafs refembling the fapphire, 189 Cheaper compofition of hard giels refembling the fapphire, nae — th. Compofition of pafte rable & the fapphire, —- #6. Compolition of hard glafs and paftes, refembling _ fapphires, by means of {malt, _— — ib. Compofition of hard glafs refembling the eagle marine {vulgarly uc egg-marine ) — 190 ms Compofition of patte refembling the eagle marine, id.
Compofitions of hard Grass and Pasres, of a yellow colour,
C omposrrion of a hard glafs of gold, or
full yellow colour, — — Igo Compofition of pate of a gold or full yellow colour, ib. Compofition of hard glafs refembling the topaz, 19t Compofition of pafte refembling the topaz, — 4b. Compofition of hard glafs refembling the cryfolite, £5. Compofition of pafte refembling the cryfolite, ib.
Compofitions of hard Grass, and Paste, of a green colour.
TRE Pe aE of hard giale refecshltly the . emerald, — I9t Compoitin of ouibe referabling the emerald, ib, — oinpbli of Grass and Pasres, of a cig cO- lour.
aausios of hard glafs, of a deep,
and very bright purple colour, — Qk Cheaper compofition of hard glafs of a deep pur-
ple colour, — — — 192 Compofition of pafte of a deep paral colour, —_#b.
Compofition of hard glafs of the-colour of the ame- thy ft, | Lompofition of pate of the Spldar of the “padres ib
CONTENTS. ¥
Pace. yf cathe refembling the diamond, — => 192 Sompofition of hard glafs perfectly black, — ib, Compofition of pafte perfectly black, lay ibe
EEE
Df the white opake, and femi-tranfparent Grass and
Pastes,
C omposrrion of white opake glafs, 193 Compofition of pafte of an opake whitenefs, ib. Compolition of glafs of an Wisde bie) sara formed
by arfenic, — ib. Compofition of hard i alas) or Dr tatkey ‘haul be calx 3.)
of tin or antimony, lt aS — ib, Compofition of femi-tranfparent white glafs and
patte, refembling the opal, —_- — 194 Compofition of fititious or counterfeit lapis la-
mali, ie Aas = th. Compofition of hard glafs refembliug the red cor-
nelian, — _— — a 195
Compofition of pafte refembling the red corneliany id. Compofition of hard er refembling the white cor- nelian, _ — — _ ih. Com pofition of pafte relornifiag the white cornelian, id. Compofition of hard glafs, or pelts haces the torquoife ftone, -— 196 Compofition of the brown Venetian aeleG pith gold {pangles, commonly called the Philofopher’ s ftone, sb. Of the fufion and vitraication of the feveral com- pofitions of coloured glafs, with the particular rules and cautions to be obferved in the manage-
ment of each kind, — — =. 167 Of colouring rock cryftals for the imitations of
gems, — — — — — 200 Of doublets, — — —_ — 203 Of the general nature and preparation of foils, 206 Of the colouring foils, prime — — 208
Of foils for cryftals, pebbles, or paite, to give the duftre and play of diamonds, © = — 210 -
vi CON TENT 8, Of CremenrTs. O; common glue, _ — — 212
Preparation of ifinglafs glue, — — ib, Preparation of parchment glue, _ — sb. Preparation of a very ftrong compound glue, 213 Preparation of a very ftrong glue that will refift
moitture, — _ _ —_ ib. Preparation of lip glue, for extemporaneoufly ce-
menting paper, filk, and thin leather, &c. ib. Of fizes, — — — me me Of paftes, ot _ — —_ — th Of lutes, _— — — — —_— ib. Preparation of cement for joining broken glafles,
china, &c. — _-_ — — 216, Preparation of common cement for joining ala- = ' bafter, marble, porphyry, or other ftones, © 217 Of cements for rock-work, refervoirs, and other
- fuch purpofes,® — — — — = tb
THE
SCHOOL of ARTS.
If gilding, filvering, bronzing, japanning, laquering, and the taining different kiwis of fabftances, with all the variety of co- ours.
i A aa ae
Of gilding in general. “a VE gilding different fabfances is per Fouad bya
& variety of means accotnmodated to the nature of ach. But the principle is the fame in all; (except vith refpe& to one kind practifed on ideale: where wick ney and heat is ufed, which I omit here as not roperty a part of the fubjeé of this work ;) being on- y the putting fome proper cement on the body to be ‘lt 5 ; and then laying the gold either in the form of caves, or powder, on the cement ; which binds it to he body. The principal kinds of gilding are thofe alled ofl gilding ;—burnifh gilding ;—and japanners ilding, or gilding with gold fize. “Thefe may be . romifcuoafly ufed on grounds either of wood, me- al, or any other firm or rigid body: but paper and eather require a treatment in fome cafes peculiar to hemfelves.. The firft attention, in moft kinds of gild- ng, is the choice of leaf gold: which fhould be pure, nd of the colour accommodated to the purpofe, or afte of the work. Purity is requifite in all cafes: for F the gold be allayed with filver, it will be of too pale nd greenifh a hue for any application; and if it cons ain much copper, it will in time turn toa yet much tronger green, ‘Lhe purity, may be afcertained with
2
accuracy enongh for this purpofe, by the touchfone, and aguafortis; and the fitnefs of the colour, to dny particular purpofe, may be diftinguifhed by the eye. The full yellow is certainly the moft beautiful and tru- eft colour of gold: but the deep reddifh caft has been of late moft efteemed from the caprice of fafhion. Whichever may be chofen, the colour ought neverthe- Jefsto be good of the kind ; for there isa great varia- tion in the force and effect of different parcels of the fame teint; fome appearing more foul and muddy ; others bright and clear. The beft method however of judging of the colour of leaf gold with nicety, is by kéeping a fpecimen of fuch asis perfe& ; with which any frefh parcel may be occafionally compared. There is, befides the true leaf gold, another kind in ule, call- ed Dutch gold: which is copper gilt, and beaten into leaves like the genuine. It is much cheaper; and has, when good, greatly the effect of the true, at the time of its being Jaid on the ground ; but with any accefs of moitture, it lofes its colour, and turns green ia [pots ; and, indeed, in all cafes, its beauty is foon impaired, unlefs well fecured by laquer or varnifh. It is never- thelefs ferviceable for coarfer gilding, where large maf- fes are wanted ; efpecially where it is to be feen by arti- ficial light, asin the cafe of theatres: and if well var- nithed, will there in a great meafure anfwer the end of the genuine kinds. ‘The other preparations of gold, belonging to particular kinds of gilding, I fhall treat of them, as likewife the cements or other fubftances” employed, in their refpective places ; and proceed now - to fhow, what the initruments are, which are common . wnoeh ehann Rdinarant mpehadn tu tiie eure’ prifcipas MerioGs, oa
Of the infiruments that are common to oil, burnifh, axd japanners, gilding.| The firft neceflary intrument is, a cofhion for receiving the leaves of gold from the paper, ‘in order to its being cut into proper fize and fi- eures, fer covering the placestobe gilt. This cufhion fhould be made of leather, and fattened to a fquare board, which thould have'a handle, It may be of any. lize. from fourteen inches fquare to ten ; and ‘fhould |
i
/ 3 ;
ve fiufted betwixt the leather and board with fine tow wool; but in fucha mauner, that the furface may be perfectly flat and even. A proper knife is the next, od an equally requifite inflrument ; as it is neceflary in 1 cafes to*cut or divide the gold into parts correfpond - ‘nt. to thofe; which are to be covered. This knife nay be the fame in all refpe&s as thofe ufed in painting, — alled pallet knives ; the blade of which may be four or ix inches long, and fomewhat more than half an inch n breadth, with a handle proportionable. A f{quirrel g ailis likewife generally provided, for taking up the whole leaves, and for comprefling the gold to the fur- ace where itis laid, and giving it the pofiticn requir- ‘d. Itis ufed alfo by fome for taking up the parts of eaves ; but this is better done by. means of a ball of -otton wool; which will both aniwer this end, and that of eumprefling the gold in a more eafy and effectual nanner. ‘This {quirre!’s tail is cut fhort, and fometimes pread in the fan-fafhion by means of a piecdof wood ormed like a pencil ftick, but broad at one end, and plit to receive the tail; but it will equally ferve the ourpofe in its own form, when the hair is cut to, a pro- ver length, This inftrument is by fome called 2 pallet ; ut improperly ; as the board for holding the colours n painting, and which is frequently in ufe along with his, being called by the fame name, would neceffarily sroduce a confufion in fpeaking of either. A brufh of very foft hog’s hair, or of the fitch kind, made arge, is likewife commonly ufed for paffiug over the vorkswhen it is become dry, im order to take eff the oofe gold. Some fine cotton wool is alfo neceffary for aking up the fmaller parts of the leaves, and laying hem onthe work : as alfo for comprefling and adjuft- ng them when laid on. The cotton fhould be formed nto.a bail, by tying it upina piece of fine linen rag 5 ‘ov if it be ufed withont the rag, the fibres adhere to he gold fize, and embarrafs the work. A fmall ftone and mullar, with a proportionable palate knife, are re- juired for grinding and tempering the mixtures made of - she fat oil, or gold fize, with each other, and the co-
f Be oar ;
Ag (4 lours that may be added to them. Proper bru hes" are alfo wanted tor laying on, and {preading:the fat ofl, “or fize, onthe work: and fome of thefe fhould he ftch- es of ‘different fizes; in order to convey and” feitlesthe gold, where the relief of carved work forms deep hol- lows. Thefe are all. the inftruments that. are common to all the three principal kinds of gilding ; fuch as‘are peculiartoeach, I fhall take notice of where they more properly occur. The manner of oil gilding, and the preparation of fat oil. ] ‘The gilding with oil is the moft eafy and ‘cheap, as wellas moft durable kind ; and therefore, is moft- ly applied to common purpofes. It is performed by ce- menting the gold to the ground, by means of fat oil. The preparation of which is, therefore previoufly necef- fary to be known; and may be much better manag- ed in the following manner, than by any method hi- therto taught, or commonly praéticed. + Take any quantity of linfeed oi!, and put it into an earthen, or any other veflel of abroad form, fo that the oil may lie in it with a very large furface; but the prepor- tion fhould be fo limited, thdt the oil may be about an inch thick in the veffel:. The earthen pans ufed for milk, in the forming: cream for butter, are very well accommodated to this purpofe. Along with the oil as much water fhould be alfo put into the veffel, as will rife fix inches or more above the bottom. Place the vef- fel then, with the oil fwimming on the water, m. any open place where the fun and raiv may have accefs to it; but where it may be as free from receiving duft and filth as poffible. Let it ftandin this condition, {tire
Fan ne ipqrauurtinnnmta neater: Lae Eva nr fix to wee. yee rae ee Oe awe mee ws -
winne this pantan ele, or till it appear of the confiftence of treacle. Take the oil then from off the water intoa phial, or bottle of along form, or what is better, into'a feparat- ing funnel, fuch as is ufed by the chemifts, and there draw off the remainder of the water. Place it after- wards, being inthe long bottle or phial, infuch heat as will render it perfe€tly fluid ; and the foulneffes ‘it may contain will foon fubfide to the bottom; when the
5 elear part muft be poured off ; and the remainder ftrain- ed through a flannel, while yet water, and the whole will then -be fit for ufe.’’ It is to be obferved, that this method is only praéticable in fummer; as the fun has not fufficient power in: winter to produce a due changein theoil. This method differs from that com-' monly pra@tifed, in the addition of the water; which fuffers the foulnefs to feparate from the oil, and fink to the bottom ; where it remains without being again mix- ed with the oil every time it is ftirred, as is unavoida- ble where no water is ufed. The water likewife greatly contributes to bleach the oil, and improve it in other refpeéts. The beft previous preparation of the piece to be gilded, if it have not already any coat of ,oil paint, is to prime it with drying oil mixed with a little yellow oker; to which, alfo, a very {mall proportion of ver- million may be added. But where greater nicety and perfection is required in the work, the wood fhould be firft rabbed with fith fkin; and then with Dutch rufh- es. This priming being dry, the next part of the ope- ration is the fizing the work ; which may be done, ei- ther with the fat oil alone, (but diluted with drying oil, if too.thick to be worked without) or with fat oil, and the japanner’s gold fize, (of which the preparati- on, 18 below taught) either in equal quantities, cr in any lefs proportion, with refpect to the gold fize. The difference betwixt the ufe and omiffion of the gold ize, in this way of gilding, lies in two particulars. — The one is, that the fizing dries fafter. according to the proportion of the quantity of the gold fize to the fat oil, and is confequently fo much the fooner fit to be gilded. ‘The other is, that the gilding is'alfo render- | sd, inthe fame proportiou, lefs fhining and gloffy; which is efteemed a perfection inthis kind of gilding: hough, taking away the prejudice of fafhion, I fhould bink the mott fhining the moft beautiful ; and of the. trongeft effect. The fat oil, or the compound of that ind the gold fize, muft be ground with fome yellow ‘ker; and then by means of a brufh, laid thinly over he work to be gilt. But, in doing this, care mult be
>
, 6 taken to pafs the brufh into all the hollows and cavities, if the fubje€t be carved, or have any other way, pros, jecting parts. For where the fize fails to be laid ony the gold will never take till the work be again repaired, by going over the defedtive places with freth fize : which fhould be avoided as much as poffible. Where great perfection is required, the gold fhould not be laid on the firft fizing; but that being fuffered to dry, the work fhould be again fizeda fecond time: and fome who are very nice even proceed to a third. The work being thus fized, mult be kept till it appear in a proper condition to. receive the gold: which muft be diftin- guifhed by touching with the finger. If it appear thea a little adhefive or clammy, but not fo as to be brought of by the finger, it isin a fit condition to be gilt. But af it be fo clammy as to daub or come off on being touched, it is not fufficiently dry, and mutt be kept jon» ger: orif there be no clamminefs or flicky quality re- maining, it is too, dry, and mutt be fized over again before it can be gilt. When the work is thus ready to receive the gold, the leaves of gold, where the furface is fufficiently large.and ; plain to contain them, may be laid on entire, ,either by means of the {quirrel’s tail ; or immediately from the paper in which they were: ori- ginally puts a method, that, by thole who have the proper dexterity of doing it, is found to be much the fimplett and, quickeil, as well as beft, for the perfetion of the work, Being laid on the proper parts of the
_work, the leaves mult then be fertled to the ground, by comprefiing thofe, which appear to want it, gently with the fquirrel’s tail or cotton ball ; and if, any part of the gold has flown of, ar-heen difplaced, fw ae to” leave a naked or uncovered fpot, a piece of anoiher leaf, of ‘fize and figure correfpondent.to'foch fpot, mutt be laid upon it. Where the parts are too {mail to ad- mit of the laying on,whole leaves, or where vacancies ave left after laying on whole leaves which are lefs than require others to cover them, the leaves which are tobe uicd matt be firk turned from the paper upon the cufh- ion (defcribed above amonght the inttruments). They muit then be euty by (coriugtover them, with the kaile
C5 3)
(above deferibed likewife) into fuch divifions or flips asvrray be moft commodioufly laid on the parts of the work to be covered. After which being feparated, and taken up as they are wanted by means,of the cotton wool, to which. being breathed upon they will adhere, they muft be laid in the places they are defigned toco- ver 3 and gently prefled by the cotton, till they touch every where, and lie even on the ground, Where the work is very hollow, and {mall pieces are wanted to co- ver parts that lie deepand out of the reach of the fquir- rel’s tail or the cotton, they may be taken up by the point ef a fitch pencil (being firft breathed upon) and by that means conveyed to and fettled in their proper place. Thofe who are accuftomed to it, ufe the pencil commodionfly for a great part of the work where large paits of the leaves cannot be ufed. The whole of the work being thus covered, fhould be fuffered to remain tillit be dry ; and it may then be brufhed over by aca- mel’s hair pencil or foft hog’s hair brufh, to take off from it all loofe parts of thi: gold. If, after the bruth- ing, any defective parts, or vacancies appear in the gild- ing, fuch parts muft be again fized; and. treated in the fame manner-as the whole was before; but the ja- panner’s wold ize alone is much better for this purpofe
than either the fat oil alone, or any mixture. » Of burnifo guiding ; with the preparation of the pro- per fizes, Sc.] The sgilding’ with buraifhed gold is feldom pracined, but upon ansdile 4 and at prefent moft- ly in the cafe of carved work, or where carved work is mixed with plain. The chiet difference in the manner betwixt this aad old gilding liesin the preparing the work to receive the gold ; and in the fubiticuting a fize made of parchment, or the cutting of glover’s leather in the piace of the fat oil, asacement. The preparation of this fize fhould, therefore, be previoufly known; and may be as follows.—‘* Takea pound of the cuttings of parchment, or of the leather ufed by glovers 5 and, having added to them fix quarts of water, boil them till the quantity of fiuid be reduced to two quarts: oF
(38279 till, on the taking out alitile, it will appear like a jel- ly on growing cold. Strain it through flannel sile hot ; and it will then be fit for ufe.’——'This fize is employed in burnith gilding, not only in forming the gold fize, or cement for binding the gold to the ground; but alfo in priming, or previoufly preparing the work. But before 1 proceed'to {how the manner of ufing it fo, it is neceflary to give the compofiions for. the proper cement or gilding fize employed in this kind | of gilding. ‘There area multipiicity of recipe: for this compofition, which are approved of by different per- fons: but as in general they vary not effentialy from each other, I will only give two, which I believe to be each the belt in their kinds. —‘* Take any quantity of bole armoniac, and add fome water to it, that it may foak till it grow. foft. Levigate it then on the ftone, but not with more water than will prevert its be- ing of a (tiff confiftence ; and add to ita littlepurified -fuet or tallow feraped ; and grind them together. When this is wanted for ufe, dilute it to the confiitmce of cream, by parchment or glover’s fize, mix’d wih dou- ble its quantity of water, and made warm. Sone melt the fuct or tallow, and mix it previoufly with five or fix times its weight of chalk before it is put to tie bole, to facilitate their commixture; to which in this wet ttate they are otherwife fomewhat repugnant, [t is ale fo fometimes praétifed to put foap fuds to th: bole ; which will contribute to its uniting with thetallow. —— This is the fimpleft compofition, and equaly good with the following, or any other ; but for the indilgence of the variety of opinions, which reigns in dl thefe kiods of matters, Twill infort another st Take of bole in fine pewder one pound, arid of black lad two ounces. ,Mix them well by grinding ; and ‘thenadd of Olive oil two ounces, and of bees-wax one ounce melt- ed toyether; and repeat the grinding till the widle be thoroughly incorporated. When this mixture sto be uled, dilute it with the parchment or glover’s ize, as Was directed in the former recipe. But till the ime of Wing-them, both this aad the foreguing fhould le kept
tis (ae) immer fed in water, which will preferve them good.’ utore Te prepare the wood for burnith gilding, it hhould firft be well rubbed with fi—fh-fkin ; and then with Dutch tufhes: bet this can only be praciifed in the larger and plainer parts of the work, otherwife it may damage the carving, or render it. lefs fharp by wearing off the points. It mult them be primed with the glover’s fize, mixed with as much whiting as will give it a tolerable body of colour: which mixture muft be made by melt- ing the fize, and ftrewing the whiting in a powdered: {late gradually into it, flirring them well together, that they may be thoroughly incorporated. Of this prim- ing feyen or eight coats fhould be given, time being allowed for the drying of each before the other part be put on; and care fhould be taken in doing this, to work the priming well with the bruth, into all the cavities or hotlows there may be in the carved work. After the laft coat is laid on, and before it he quite dry, abruhh pencil cipt in water thould be paffed over the whole, to fmooth it and take away any lumps or inequalities that may have been formed: and when it is dry, the parts which admit of it fhould be again brufhed over till they be perfectly even. The work fhould then be repaired, by freeing all the cavities and hollow parts from the priming, which may choak them, or injure the relief of the carving: after which a water polifhfhould be giv- ento the parts defigned to be burnifhed, by rubbing them gently witha fine linen rag moiftened with water. The work being thus prepared, when it is to be gilt, dilute the compofition of bole, &c. with warm fize mix’d with two- thirds of water; and witha brufh {pread it over the whole of the work, and then fuffer it to dry; and go over it again with the mixture, in the fame’ manner, at leaft once more. . After the lalt coat, - rub.it in the parts to be burnithed with a foft clorh, till it be perfe&tly even. Some add a little vermillion tothe gilding fize, and others colour the work, if carv- ed, before it be laid on, with yellow and the glover’a fize ;.to which a little vermillion, or red lead, thould be added. This laft method is to give the appearance
‘ : Th
of gilding to the deeper and obfcure parts of the cary- ing, where. the gold cannot, or is not thought necef- fary to be laidon. But this practice is at prefent much difufed ; and inftead of it fuch parts of the work are coloured after the gilding ; which treatment ‘s called matting. The work being thus properly prepared, fet it ina pofition almoft perpendicular, but declining a little from you: and having the gilding fize, place all the neceflary inlruments above defcribed ready, as alfo a bafon of clean water ready at hand: wet then the uppermoft part of the work, by means of a large camel’s hair pencil dipped in the water ; and then lay on the gold upon the part fo wet, in the manner above dire&ted for the gilding in oil, till it be completely co- vered, or become too dry to take the gold. Proceed afterwards to wet the next part.of the work, or the fame over again if neceflary, and gild it as the firft; repeating the fame method till the whole be finifhed. Some wet the work with brandy, or fpirit of wine,
<inftead of water ; but Ido not conceive any advantage
7
can arife from it, that may not be equally obtained by a judicious ufe of water. This manner is moreover much more troublefome and difficult, as well as expen- five. For only a fmall part muft be wet at ose time,
~ be covered with a colour the neareft in appearance to
gold. For this purpofe fome recommend read lead, with a little vermillion ground up with the white of an egg: but I think yellow oker, or Dutch pink, with red lead, would better anfwer the end: or the ¢erra ds ‘Sienna very flightly burnt or mixed witha littlered lead
Cts would have a much better effet ; and be more durable than any other mixture fo near the colour of gold in fhade. Tfinglafs fize will likewife equally well fupply the place of the whites of eggs in the compofition for matting. The work being thus gilt, it muft remain about twenty four hours; and then the parts of it that are defigned to be burnifhed, mutt be polifhed with the dog’s tooth, or with the burnifhers of agate or flint made for this purpofe, But it fhould be previoufly tried, whether it be of the proper temper as to drynefs. For though twenty-four hours be the moft general {pace of time, in which it becomes fit, yet the diff- erence of feafov, or the degree of wet given to the work, makes the drying irregular, with regard to any fixed period, ‘The way of diftinguifhing the fitnefs of the work to take the burnith, is to try two or three particular parts at a diftance from each other ; which, if they take the polifh in a kindly. manner, the whole may be concluded fit.. But if the gold peel off, or be difordered by the rubbing, the work mutt be deemed not yet dry enongh: and if the gold abide weli the rubbing, and yet receives the polifh flowly, it is a proof of its being too dry: which fhould be always prevented, by watching the proper time. For the work, when too dry, both requires much more Jabour to burnifh it, and fails at laft of taking fo fine a polifh. _ Of Japanners gilding.] The japanners gilding is performed by means of gold powder, or imitations of it, cemented to the ground by a kind of gold fize much of the nature of drying oil: for the making which, there are Various recipes followed by different perfons. I fhall, however, only give one of the more compound, that ' 8 much approved ; and another very fimple, but which, 1everthelefs, is equally good for the purpofe with the noft elaborate. The more compound gold fize may be bus made.—‘* Take of gum animi and afphaltum each one ounce, of read lead, litharge of gold and umbre, sach one ounce and a half. Reduce the groffer ingredi- sats to a fine powder; and having mix’d them, put hem, together with a pound of linfeed oil, into a pre-
te) per veffe!, and boil them gently; conflantly flirring them, with a ftick or tobacco-pipe, till the whole ap- pear to be incorporated. Continue the boiling, frequent- ly Qirring them, till, on taking out a fmail quantity, it appear thick like tar, as it grows cold, . Strain’the mixture then through flannel; and keep at. carefully, fLopt up in a bottle having a wide mouth, for ufe. But when it is wanted, it mult be ground with as much ver- million, as will give it an opake body ; and at the fame time diluted with oil of turpentine, fo as to render it of a confiflence proper for working freely with the pencil.” The afphaltum does not, I conceive, contrite to the intention of gold fize: aud the litharge of gold and read lead, are both the fame thing, with refpe& to this purpofe, under different names; and neither they nor the umbre neceflary, but clogging ingredients to the compofition. This gold fize may therefore be equally well, or perhaps better prepared, in the follows ing maaner-—* Take of linfeed oil one pound, and of gum auimi four ounces. Set che oil to boil ina proper veilcl;, and then add the gum animi gradually in pow- der; ftirring each quantity about in the oil, till it ap- pear to be diflolved ; and then putting in another, till the whole become mixed with the oil. Let the mixture continue to boil, tillon taking a {mall quantity out, it appear of a thicker confiltence than tar: and then -_ftrain the whole thro’ a coarfe cloth, and keep it for ufe. But it muft, when applied, be .mixed with vermillion and oil of turpentine, inthe manner dire&ted for-the foregoing.”’—'his gold fize may be ufed on on wood, or any other ground whatever. But before 4 enter cathe particular manner of pilding waih it, the preparation of the true and counterfeit gold powders are neceflary to be fhown. The true gold powder may be well and eafily made by the following method. —— ** Take any quantity of leaf gold; and grind it with vir- gin honey, ona ftone, till the texture of the leaves be perfectly broken; and their parts divided.to the mi- nuteft degree. Then take the mixture of gold and ho- ney from off the fone, and put itinto a china’or ether
Ces ge, uch bafon, with water; and fir it well about, that he honey may be melted; and the gold by. that means reed from it. Let the bafon afterwards tland at reft, ill the gold be fubfided ; and when it is fo, pour off he water from it ; and add frefh quantities till the ho- 1ey be entirely wathed away ; after which the gold may 9 put on paper, and dried for ufe.’’ A gold pow- ler of a more intenfe yellow colour, bagi than this, may be made by a precipitation from gold diffelved in aqua regia, by means of either green or Roman vitriol, 0 this manner. “Take a folution of gold in agua regia ; and’ add to it gradually, a {olution of greea vitriol or Copperas in water, till it appear that no fur- © cher precipitation of the gold be made, on adding a frefh quantity. The -folutton of the Copperas may be made, by putting one drachm of it powdered into an ounce of water, and thaking them till the whole appear to be diffolved. After which the folution muft fland; and the clear part be poured off from the fediment, if any be folind. The fiuid mutt be poured off from the precipitated gold, as foon as it is perfeetly fubfided ; wad the precipitation muft be well wafhed, by pourtag on it feveral fucceflive quantities of water. Roman or dlue vitriol may be employed for this purpofe inilead of the green, but it is fomewhat dearer, and has no ad- vantage over the-other. he gold precipitate thus ob- ained is very bright and fhining. A fimilar kind may be prepared, by putting flat bars or plateswof copper - nto the folution of the gold in agua regia: but the precipitate is of a brown colour, without any uftre or fhining appearanve.”——The German gold powder, which 1s the kind moft generally ufed, and, where it is well fecured with varnith, will equally an- wer the end in this kind of gilding with the genuine, nay be prepared from the fort of leaf gold, called the Dutch gold, exa@tly in the fame manner as the true. duis aurum Mofaicum, which is tin coloured, and ren- Jeced of a flafky Ai pulverine texture, by a chemical > oCt hy fa..as greatly ly to earl ss gold powder, may be ikewite ufed in this kind Fovild: ong ; aud prepared in
‘bay
(14 the following manner—‘Take of tin one pound, of flow. ers of fulphur feven ounces, and of fal Ammoniacus and purified quickfilver each half a pound. Melt the tin ; and-add the quickfilver to it in that ftate: and when the mixture is become cold, powder it, and grind it with the fal Ammoniacus and fulphur, till the whole be tho- roughly commixt. Calcine them then in a mattrafs ; and the other ingredients fubliming, the tin will be converted into the aurum Mofaicum ; and will be found -in the bottom of the glafs like a mafs of bright flafky gold powder: but if any black or difcoloured parts ap- pear in it, they mutt be carefully pick’d or cut cut.”— The fal Ammoniacus employed ought to be perfectly whité and clean; and care fhould be taken that the quickfilver be not fuch asis unadulterate with lead ; which may be known, by putting a {mall quantity ina crucible into ‘the fire, and obferving, when it is taken out, whether it be wholly fublimed away, or have left any lead behind it. ‘The calcination may be belt per- formed ina coated glafs body, hung inthe naked fire 3
and the body fhould be of a long figure, that the other ~
ingredients may rife fo as to leave the coloured tin clear of them. ‘he quickfilver, tho’ it be formed into cin- nabar along with the fulphur, need not be watted ; but may be revived by diftilling it with the addition of quick-lime ; for which a very cheap and commodious method and apparatus may be found in a late treatife oa practical chemiftry, intitled, The Elaboratory laid opens &c. There are fome other coarfer powders in imitation of gold, which are formed of precipitations of copper. But as they are feldom ufed now for gilding, I thall
defer fhowing the manner of preparing them, tili T come to fpeak of bronzing, where they more properly —
occur. Befides thefe powders, the genuine leaf or Dutch gold may be ufed with the japanners gold fize, where a more fhining and glofly effeét is defired in the
OE ee Te e
oO;
gilding. But in that kind of gilding which is intend- “ed to be varnifhed over, or to be mixed with other japan — work or’paintings in varnifh, the powders are moti fre- | queutly employed. The gilding with japausers gold
‘5
fize may be practifed on almoft any fubftance whatever, whether wood, metal, leather, or paper: and there is no further preparation of the work neceflary to its be- ing gilt, than the having the furface even and perfetly clean. The manner of ufing the jappanners fize, is this. Put then a proper quantity of it, prepared as above directed, and mixed with the due proportion of — oil of turpentine and vermillion, into a {mall gally-pot, or one of thofe tin veflels above defcribed, for contain- ing the eolours when ufed for in painting varnifh. ‘Then either fpread it with a brufh over the work, where the whole furface is to be gilt; or draw with it, by means of a pencil, the proper figure defired, avoiding care- fully to let it touch any other parts. Suffer it after- wards to reft till it be fit to receive the gold: which mutt be diftinguifhed by the finger, in the fame manner as with the fat oil ; the having’ a proper clamminefs or fticky quality, without being fo fluid as to take to the finger, being alike the criteriton in both cafes. Being found of a proper drynefs, when the gold powders are to be ufed, a piece of the foft leather, called wa/blea- ther, wrapt round the fore finger, muft be dipt in the powder, and then rubbed very lightly over the fized work ; or, what is much better, the powder may be {pread by a foft camel’s hair pencil. ‘The whole being covered, it mutt be left to dry; and the loofe powder may then be cleared away from the gilded part, and collected, by means of a foft camel’s hair brufh. When leaf gold is ufed, the method of fizing mutt be the fame as for the powders: but the point of due drynefs is very nice and delicate in thefe cafes. For the leaves mutt be laid on while the matter isina due ftate, otherwife the whole of what is done mutt be fized and gilt over again. When more gold fize is mixed up with the oil of tur- pentine and vermillion, than can be ufed at one time, it may be kept, by immerfing it under water till it be again wanted » which is indeeda general method of preferving all kind of paint, or other fuch compofitions as contain oily fubftances.
Of gilding paper, vellum or parchment.] There are ~C2.
( 16 ) ;
a variety of methods ufed for gilding paper, according to the feveral ends it ts defigned to anfwer; but for the moft part fize, properly fo called, and gum water, are ufed as the cements ; and the powders are more gene= rally employed than the leaf gold. As I have given the preparation of thefe feveral fubftances before, it ts needlefs to repeat them here; and I fhall therefore only point ont thofe circumftances in the manner of their ufe, which are peculiar to the application of them to this purpofe.
- Of the gildings on paper proper to be ufed along «Bith paintings in water colours, or frefco.} The gilding pro- per to be ufed with water colours may be either with
the leaf gold, or powder; which laft, when mixed’
_with the proper vehicle, is called /hell gold. The leaf gold is neceflary in all cafes, where a metalline and fhin- ing appearance is. wanted: and it may be laid on’the defigned ground, by means either of gum water, of ifinglafs fize. The gum water or fize fhould be of the
weaker kind, and not laid too freely on the ground;
and proper time fhould likewife be given for it to dry 3 the judgment on which mult be formed, in this cafe, ag inthe other kinds of gilding, by touching with the
finger. The management of the gold alfo is much the
fame in this asin the former: and where a polifhed ap- pearance is wanting, the dog’s tooth or other kind of
burvifher may be ufed. In the gilding larger furfaces; it will be found advantageous to colour the ground — with the gall ftone: and where colours are to be laid’
on the gilding, the brufhing the gold over with the gall of any beaft will make it take them in a much more kindly manner. When the gold powders are ufed’
along with paintings in water colours, it is previoufly —
formed into /hell gold, (as it is called, from its being
ufually put into mufcle fhells, in the fame manner as the — colours.) This fhell gold is prepared, by tempering the —
gold powder with very weak gum water; to which a lit-
tle foap-fuds may be put, to make the gold work more eafily.and freely. ‘The preparation of the gold pow-
ders is before given, p. 12, and that of the gum’ .
“19 ;
water, may be thus prepared. * Take three quar- ters of an ounce of gum Arabic, and .a quarter of an ounce of gum Senegal. Powder them, and then tie them wp in a linen rag; leaving fo much uns filled room in the bag, as to admit its being flat- tened by the preflureofthe hand. Having fqueezed the bag till it be flat, put it into a quart of hot water; and there let it continue, moving it fometimes about, and ftirring the water for about twenty-four hours. The gums will then be diffolved ; and the bag muft be taken out. The fluid being divided into two parts, tu one half of it add a quarter of amounce of white fu- par-caudy powdered, and keep the other in its pure ftate, By this means, a ftrong and weak gum water, each proper for their particular purpofes, will be obtained.”
Of the gilding proper for. the-coloured paper for binding books, and ather fuch purpofes.| This kind of gilding is performed in much the fame manner as that for mixing with paintings in water colours; except with regard o the following particulars. Frit, in this cafe, the rilding beimg intended generally to. form fome figure or lefign, the gum water or fize, inftead of being laid on vith.a brufh gr pencil, is molt generally conveyed to he ground by means of a wooden plate, or print, and noft expediently by an engraved roller, which make an
mpreffion of the figure or defign intended. Secondly, is the rifing of the gold from the furface of the ground
s no,difadvantage in this kind of gilding, as it is in
hat mixed with paintings, the gum water or fize may e much ftronger ; which will contribute both to bind
be gold firmer, and to give it a fort of embofled ap- yearance, that improves the effect. In this kiid of
ilding, the japanners gold fize may be alfo commodi-
ufly employed. For, as the paper mutt be moiftened
efore it be printed, there is no inconvenience liable tg
appen from the-running of the gold fize thus ufed.
Vhere the emboffed appearance is wanted in the great-
it degree, the gold fize fhould indeed always be ufed :
nd ip this cafe fhould be thickened with yellow oker,
uixed with as much read lead, as the preper working
C4
18 of the print will admit. The wooden plates or prints ufed for gilding in this manner, are worked by the hand, and are to be charged with the gum water or fize, of whatever kind it be, by letting it gently and evenly down on a cufhion on which the gum water or fize has been copioufly {pread by means of a proper brufh; and then prefling it on the paper prepared by moiftening it with water, and laid horizontally with fome fheets of other paper under it. Where the rolling print is em- ployed, the gum water or fize muft be laid on it by a proper brufh, immediately out of the pot or veflel which contains it: but too copions an ufe muft be avoided, for fear of {preading it beyond the lines of the defign’ or pattern, ‘The fubfequent management of the gold, whether leaf or powder, muft be the fame as in the foregoing kinds of gilding. It rarely-anfwers to ufe the leaf gold in this kind of painting, nor even the true gold powder: but the German powder, or that form- ed of the leaves called Dutch gold, is moftly employed, and anfwers well enough the purpofe. The manufac- tures of the gilt and marbled papers have not been fo much cultivated in our own country, as it were to be wifhed, fince very great fums have been always annual ly paid, both te Germany and Genoa, on this account. The improvement of this manufaGure is, therefore, a very fit object of attention to that molt laudable fociety for the eftablifhment and encouragement of ufeful arts, who bave offered premiums to thofe who would give proofs of their endeavours or fuccefs in parallel inttances. ‘This fociety has accordingly given lately a bounty to Mr. Moor, of New-{treet, who has eftabhithed a wauGlacture oF gilt aud fowered paper 5 which exceeds. greatly the foreign in beauty, and is fold at a cheaper -rate than that can be afforded, even when the duty on _ importation is not paid. Of gilding proper for letiers of gold on paper, and the exbellifoment of manufcripts.| ‘The mott eafy and neat method of forming letters of gold on paper, and ‘for ornaments of writings, is, by the gold ammoniae, as it was formerly called: the method of managing which is
( 19 s follows.—** Take gum Ammoniacum, and powder :, and then diffolve it in water previoufly impregnated vith alittle gum Arabic, and fome juice of garlic.” The rum Ammoniacum will ‘not diffolve in water, fo as to orm a tranfparent fluid, but produces a milky appear- ince; from whence the mixture is called in medicine he /ac Anemoniacum. With the lac Ammoniacum thus prepared, draw with a pencil, or write witha pen on paper, or vellum, the intended figure or letters of the vilding. Suffer the paper te dry; and then, or any time afterwards, breathe on it till it be moiftened; and immediately lay leaves of gold, or parts of leaves cut in the moft advantageous manner to fave the gold, over the parts drawn or written vpon with the lac Am- moniacum ;/and prefs them gently to the paper. with a ball of cotton or foft leather. When the paper becomes dry, which a thort time or gentle heat will foon efleé, brufh off, with a fof, pencil, or rab off by a fine linen rag, the redundant gold which covered the parts between the lines of the drawing or writing ; and the fineft hair ftvokes of the pencil or pen, as wellasthe broader, will appear perfectly gilt.”’— It is ufual to fee in old manu- fcripts, that are highly ornamented, letters of gold which rife confiderably from the ferface of the paper or parchment containing them, tm the manner of emboffed work ; amd of thefe fome are lets fhining, and others have avery high polifth. The method of producing thefe letters is of two kinds; the one by fri€tion on a: proper beady with a folid piece of gold: the other by leaf gold. - The methodof making thefe letters by means, of folid gold is:aa follows,‘ ‘Take cryftal, and rednce it to powder. Temper it then with ftrong gum water, till it be of the conmtiflence of pafie ; and with this, forma the letters. When they are dry, rub them with a piece of gold of good colour, as in the manner of polifhimg ; and the letters will appear as if gilt with burnifhed: gold.”’——Kunckel hes, in his fifty carious experimemts, given this recipe: but omitted to take the leaft motice of the manner how thefe letters are to be formed; though. the mo& difficult circumftance in
( 20 ) : the prodution of them. It may, however, be'done by means of a {lamp in this manner. Let the emboffed fi- gure, either of the feparate letters or of the whole words be cut in fteel ; and, when the ftamps are to be ufed, anoint each letter carefully with the end of a large fea- ther dipped in oil; but not fo wet as to leave drops in the hollows of the ftamps.~ Fill thefe concave letters, in the ftamps, with the above mixture of powdered cryftal and gum water; and, wiping the other parts of them per- feétly clean, place them then on the paper or vellum, laid over fome fheets of paper; taking care that the letters may be in the exaét pofition where they ought to lie: {trike then.the (tamp in a perpendicular direCtion, but _ hot too forcibly ; and take it off inthe fame direction. “The letters will be left in their proper piaces by this means, and will have the fame proportions as their ar- chetypes in the amps. Where leaf gold is ufed for making emboffed letters in-manufcripts, the above com- pofition cannot be ufed ; but there are feveral others. which will very well fupply its place: of which the following has been given as very excellent.—* Take the whites of eggs, and beat them to an oily confiltence 5 then take as much vermillion as will be required to thicken the whites of the eggs to the confiftence of palte. Form the Jetters of this pafte, by means of the ftamps, in the manner before dire&ted; and when they are be- come dry, moiften them by a fmall pencil with ftrong gum water; obferving not to Jet it run beyond the bounds of the letters. When the gum wateris of a . proper drynefs, which muft be judged of by the rule
before given, cover the letters with leaf gold, and prefs”
it clofe to every part of them, by cutiou ur foft icather. After the gilding is dry, it may be polifhed by the dog’s tooth, or the other proper burnifhers.” Of gilding proper for the edges of books and paper. There are feveral various methods with refpeé to the cement ufed, by which the edges of books or paper may be gilt: as ftrong gum water, or ifinglafs fize, or glo- vers fize, may be employed: but as ‘the gum water, and weaker fizes are apt to run beyond the edge, and
| :
hick the leaves together, ifinglafs melted with the ad« lition of fome common proof fpirit of wine, and a fixth part of honey or fugar candy is greatly preferable: but a third of bole ammoniac well powdered muft be added. The following compofition has been likewife approved of for this purpofe. «© Take bole ammoniac and fugar candy well powdered, each equal parts: mix them with the whites of eggs beaten to an oily confift- ence; aud the cement will be fit for ufe.’—In order to the ufing any of thefe cements, the paper, whether it be in quires or books, fhould be well cut, and polifhed on the edges to be gilt; and then ftrongly fcrewed down bya prefs: in which flate, it is to be bruthed over; firft with alittle of the cement without the fugar- candy or the bole; and when that is dry, either with the cement above given, or any other folution of gum or fize, with the proper proportion of the bole: after. which it may be fuffered to dry ; and then water po- lifhed, by rubbing it with a fine linen rag flightly moiftened. It is then in a ftate fit for receiving the gold; only it muft be again gently moiftened at that time: and the leaves may then be laid on, being cut according to the breadth they are to cover, and preffed clofely down by a cottén ball: and after the gilding is thoroughly dry and firm, it may be polifhed in the man- ner of the foregoing kinds,
Of gilding leather.| Leather may be gilded for com- mon occafions by all the fame methods which have been given’ for gilding paper or velum; except, that where the gold fize is ufed, there is no occafion to wet the leather, to prevent the running-of the oil out of the bounds, Either leaf gold or the powders may therefore be employed: as well for leather as paper. But, unlefs, in fome fine work, or for very particular purpofes, the German gold powder would anfwer as well as the true gold. It is needlefs confequently to re- peat here the methods above fhown with refpe& to the gilding paper for covers to books, &c. which equally well fuit for this, purpofe in general: but as there isa manner of gilding leather peculiar to the book-binders,
*
22 : it is requifite to explain it. The method of gilding ufed by the book-binder, is to have the letters or co- partments, fcrolls, or other ornaments, cut in. fteel ftamps ; not by finking, as in-moft other cafes, but by the projeGtion of the figure from the ground. Thefe ftamps are made hot ; and leaves of gold being laid on the parts accommodated to the pattern or defign of the gilding, the hot ftamps are preffed ftrongly on the gold and leather ; and bind the gold to. it in the hol- lows formed by the ftamp: the other redundant part of the gold being afterwards brufhed. or rubbed off. The manner praétifed by the profeffed leather gilders, for the making hangings for rooms, fkreens, &c. is not properly gilding, but laquering, being done by means of leaf filver, coloured by a yellow varnifh, on the fame principle with the laquered frames of pictures, &e. which were formerly in ufe. It is an important manufacture, as the leather ornamented in this manner, not only admits of great variety of defigns in emboffed work, refembling either gilding or filver; but alfo of the addition of paintings of almoft every fort. The manner of perferming this kind of leather gilding is as follows. The fkins are firft procured in a dry ftate, af- ter the common drefling andtanning. 'Thofe moft pro- per for this purpofe, are fuch as are of a firm clofe tex- ture ; on. which account, calf, or goat {kins are. pre- ferable to fheep. But in that condition they are too
»hard and {tiff for gilding in this way. In order
therefore to foften them, they are firt put for fome
-hours in a tub of water, where they are, during
fuch time, to be frequently ftirred about witha ftrong fick. They are then taken cut; and, being held by one corner, beaten againft a flat ftone. ‘Whey are next made fmooth, by {preading them on the ftone, and rub- bing them ftrongly over by an iron inftrument refemb- ling a blade, but with the lower edge formed round, and the upper edge fet in a wooden handle, paffing ho- rizontally the whole length of the blade. . This inftru- ment the workman flides on the furface of the fkin as it lies on the ftone, at the fame time prefling and lean-
23
g on it with all his weight. When one of the fkins
finifhieed, another is laid over -it, and treated in the me manner ; and the others over that. The fkins being us prepared, are joined together, to form pieces of e fize required for any particular purpofe. In order ) their joining~ properly, they are cut into a fquare, ‘rather oblong fquare form. To which end, a ruler - fquare is-ufed, or the fkins are placed ona table or lock, correfponding in fize and figure to a wooden rint of the kind we thall have occafion to fpeak of be- yw, and as much of the fkin is taken off, as leaves it - f the form and dimenfions of the table or block. Any efective parts, or holes in the fkin, are then to be sade good ; which is done by paying away with a pen- nife, half the thicknefs of the fkin for fome little nace round the hole, or defetive part; putting a atch, or correfpondent piece of the fame kind of fkin ver it. This patch, or piece, is to have a margin ared to have the thicknefs, to fuit the pared part of he {Rin 5 and is then to be fixed inits place, by means f fize made of parchment, or glovers cuttings, inthe _ nanner defcribed before. After the fkins are thus pre- ared, the next operation is the fizing them, which-is lone by means of a kind of foft glue, or fiff fize, hat anfwers tothe gold fize, ufed in other kinds of ilding or filvering, prepared from parchment, or glo- ers cuttings. ‘I'his is, in fact, the fame with that di- eGted to be ufed for joining the pieces; only it muft »¢ reduced by longer boiling to a thicker _confiflence, vhich: fhould be that of a very tiff jelly. ‘To fizea — kin or piece, the workinan takes a piece of the fize of he bignefs of a nut; which, however, he does not fe whole, but cutsinto two parts. Withone of thefe varts, he rubs all the fkin, or piece of leather, ftrong- y ; and when it is, by this means, fpread over the whole furface-of the leather, he rubs it with the palm of his hand to difperfe it more equally, and uniformly ver every part. -T’o the effecting this end, the heat of the hand contributes as well as the motion: as it nelts the fize toa certain degree of fluidity, and rea-
( 24 ders it confequently more capable of being diffufed over the whole furface. ‘The workman then leaves the fkin for fome time to dry, and afterwards fpreads the other part of the fize.on it, in the fame manner asthe firft ; which finifhes the operation of fizing. It. is ne- ceflary to.allow fome {pace of time betwixt the laying on the two parts of the fize. For if the whole was laid on together; or the firlt part before the other was dry to a certain degree, the whole would diflolve, and be forced forwards before the hand, initead of being fpread by it. In the profecution of this bufinefs, the workman therefore, as foon as he has f{pread the firtt part of the fizé, takes another fkin, and treats it in the fame manner: which filling up the interval of time, proper for drying the firtt, he returns then to that, and puts on the other parts of the fize, and. by this alter- native treatment of them, employs the whole of his time, without any lofs, by waiting till either be dry. The fide.of the {kin on which the hair grew, or what is called the grain of the leather, is always chofen for receiving the fize and filver. ‘Vhis is neceflary to be obferved: becaufe that fide is evener, and of a clofer texture than the other. The fkins, being thus fized, are ready for, receiving, the leaves of filver: which. are thus laid on. The workman, who filvers them, flands before a table; on-which he fpreads two’ fkins before they are dry after the fizing. On the fame table, on the right hand, he puts alfo a large book of leaf filver on a board, which near one end of it has a peg fuffici- ently long to raife it in fuch manner, as to make it flope hike a writing desk. The book being thus placed, he takes ant one hy one the leaves of filver, and lays them on the skin previoufly fized as above. . This he does by means of a {mal} pair of pincers, formed by two little rods of wood faftened together at one end, and glued to afmall piece of wood cut into the form of a triaa- xle, intended to keep the ends of the two rods at a diftance from each other ; and to make them anfwer the purpofe, when preffed by the fingers, of taking hold of the leaves of tilvers Cnthe fide of the piece
Oe eee : ee in which the rods are joined to form the pincers, there is puta kind of tuft, or fmall brufh, of an irregular form, made of foxes, or any other kind of foft hair. With thefe pincers, the workman takes hold of one of the leaves in the book, and puts it on a piece of car- toon, larger than the leaf, of a figure nearly fquare ; and which has the corners of the end, that is to be plac- ed in the hand of the workman, bent. This piece of cartoon is called a pallet. The workman takes it in his left hand, and, having put on it a leaf of filver, he turns it downward ; and lets the leaf fall on the fkin, fpreading it as much as he’can, and bringing, as near a3 poflible, the fides of it, to be parallel to thofe of the {quare of leather, orfkin. Ifit happen, that any part of it gets double, or is not duly f{pread, he fets it right ; raifes it fometimes, and putsitin its place, or rubs it gently with the kind of brufh, or hair pencil which is at the end of the pincers. But mo generally, the workman only lets the leaf fall in its place, {pread out on the durface of the leather, without either touching or prefling it; except in the cafe we fhall mention be- low. After he has done with this leaf, he lays a new one inthe fame line, and continues the fame till fuch line be complete. He then begins clofe to the edge of this row of leaves, and forms another in the fame man- ner; and goes on thus, till the whole {kin be entirely covered with the leaf filver. This work is very eafily and readily performed ; as the leaves which are of a (quare form, are put on a plain furface, which is alfo | rectangular. The fkin being thus covered with the fil- ver, the workman, takesa fox’s tail, made into the form of a ball at the end, and ufes it to fettle the leaves, by prefling and ftriking them, to make them adhere to the fize, and adopt themfelves exactly to the places they are to cover. He afterwards rubs the whole furface rently with the tail, without ftriking, which is.done o takeoff the loofe and redundant parts of the filver, ind at the fame time to move them to thofe places of he farface, where there me before any defe&t of tke
s Be A filver; and where, confequently, the fize being bare, thefe will now take. The reft of the loofe filver is brufhed forwards to the end of the table, where a bag, or linen cloth is placed to receive it.
The skins, when they are thus filvered, are hung to dry on cords, fixed by the ends to oppofite walls, at fuch height as to fufpend the skins out of the way of the workman. To hang them on thefe cords, a kind of crofs is ufed, formed of a {trong ftick, with a fhort- er piece of the fame fixed croflwife at the end of it; over which theskin being hung without any doubling and with the filvered fide outwards, it is conveyed and tranf- fcrred to the cord in the fame ftate. The skins are to dry in this condition, a longer or fhorter time, accord- ing to the feafon andthe weather. In fummer; four or _ five hours is fufficient; or thofe skins which have been filvered in the morning, may remain till the even- ing, and thofe in the evening, till next morning. But in winter a longer time is required, according to the ftate of the weather. ‘There is no occafion, neverthe- lefs, to wait till they be entirely dry. As they may be put in any back yard cr garden expofed to the wind, and the heat of thefun. For this purpofe they thould be put over two boards joined together, where they mut be kept ftretched out by means of fome nails. But in this cafe, the filvered fide muft be next the boards, in order to prevent any dirt from falling onit, and {ticking to the fize, which would hinder their taking well the buraifh, that will be mentioned below. The heat, and the drynefs of the air, mutt determine, alfo, the time of their hanging in this ftate: but experience alone’ can teach how to judge of this point. It is. proper the ikin ihouid be free from moiiiure ; but yet, they fhould retain all their foftnefs: in fummer this will happen in a few hours, and they will be then’in a condition to be'burnifhed. The burnifter which is ufed - for this purpofe, is a flint, of which various figures may be allowed, and which mult be mounted differently with a handle, according to the difference of the figure. A cylindrical form is often chofen, in which cafe, one
i aa Wh of the ends fhould be of a round figure, of abont ax inch and a half diameter, and have the furface extreme- ly fmooth ; as the polifhing is performed with this fur- face. The flint is fixed in the middle of a piece of wood of a foot length, the whole of which length is neceflary to its ferving as a handle; or the workman takes hold of it at each end, with each of his hands, thofe parts being roundifh, and the middle being left of | a greater thicknefs, in order to admit of a hole of a proper depth for receiving the flint, fo as to keep it quite firm and fteady. All the art required in the man- ner of burnifhing is, to rub the leaf filver ftrongly ; for which purpofe, the workman applies both hands to to the burnifher, dwelling longer on thofe parts which appear moft dull. In. order to perform this operation, the fkin is put and fpread even on a fmooth ftone of arequifite fize, placed on a table, where it may be fo firm and fteady, as to bear all the force of prefflure the workman can give in flidiag the burnither backwards and forwards over every part of the fkin. It would fave a great deal of labour to employ, inftead of this method of burnifhing, that ufed by the polifhers of glafs, and alfo by the card makers. This me- thod configts in fixing the burnifher_at the end of a {trong crooked flick, of which, the other end is faft- ened to the ceiling. The ftick being fo difpofed, as to act as a {pring, of which the force bears on the fkin, it exempts the workman frem this part of the labour, and leaves him only that of fliding the burnifhers along the fkin, in the direétions the polifhing requires. The objeGtions to this method are, that fome parts of the fin require a greater preffure than others, and that fometimes dirt flicking to the fize, which pafles through the joining of the filver, will fcratch the work, if the workman in going along did not fee ‘and remove it, which he cannot fo well do in ufing the {pring burnifh- er. But certainly, thefe incopveniencies have obvious remedies, when they are underitood. The ufing the {pring burnifher for the greateft part of the work, does not prevent taking the = of the common one for 2
( 28 finifhing, ifany parts, that appear imperfe@ly polifhed, fhall render it neceffary ; and the workman may well afford the trouble of examining the fkin, and cleanfing it thoroughly, by the labour he will fave in this way ; or, perhaps, it ts always beft to do this office, before any kind of polifhing be begun, rather than to leave it to be done during the polifhing, In fome manufac- tures, the burnifhing is performed, by paffing the fil- vered {kins betwixt two cylindrical rollers of fteel, with polithed faces. If this be well executed, it muft give a confiderable brilliance to the filver, and take away all thofe warpings and inequalities in the leathers which tend to render the filvered furface lefs equal and fhining. The fkins or leather, being thus filvered and burnifhed, are now prepared to receive the yellow laquer or varnifh, which gives the appearance of gilding. The perfeétion of this work depends, obvioufly, in a great degree, on the colour, and other qualities of the compofition ufed as fuch varnifh: for which different artifts in this way have different recipes; each pretend- ing, in genéral, that his own is beft, and making con- fequently a fecret of it. The following is, however, at leaft equal to any hitherto ufed; and may be prepared without any difficulty, except fome little ni- cety ia the boiling. ‘‘ Take of fine white refin four pounds anda balf; of common refin the fame quanti- ty; of gum fandarac two pounds and a half, and of aloes two ponnds. Mix them together, after having bruifed thofe which are in great pieces; and put them into an earthen pot, over a good fire made of charcoal, or over any other fire where there is no flame. Melt all the ingredients in thig manner, ftirring them well with a fpatula, that they may be throughly mixed together, and be prevented alfo from fticking to the bottom of the pot. When they are perfectly melted and mixed, add gradually to them, feven pints of lin- feed oil, and ftir the whole well together with the fpatula. Make the whole boil, ftirring it all the time, to prevent a kind of fediment, that. will form, from AMitking to the bottom of the veffel. When the var-
Be (29°) nih is almoft fufficiently boiled, add gradually, half an ounee of litharge, or half an ounce of read lead ; and whem they are diffolved, pafs the varnifh through a linen cloth, or flannel bag.”
The time of boiling fuch a quantity of varnifh, may be im general about feven or eight hours. But as the force of the heat, and other circumftances, may vary, it does not permit of any precife rule. The means of judging of this, is by taking a little quantity out of the pot, with a filver fpoon, or other fuch inftrument, and touching it with the finger; when, if the varnifh appear, on cooling, of the confiftence of a thick fyrup, become foon after ropy, and then drying, glue the fing- ers together, and give a fhining appearance ; it raay be concluded, the time of boiling is fuflicient. ‘But if thefe figns are found wanting, the contrary mutt be inferred ; and the boiling muft be continued till they do arife. When the quantity of ingredients is diminifhed, the time of boiling may be alfo contracted. A pint of oil, and a correfpondent proportion of fine refin and aloes, has produced a varnifh perfeétly good in an hour and a half. In this procefs, it is very neceffary to have a pot, that will not be half filled with all the ingredients ; and alfo to guard with the greateft caution againft any flame coming near the top of the pot, or the vapour, which rifes from it during the boiling. For it is of fo com- bultible a nature, it would immediately take fire ; and the ingredients themfelves would burn in fuch a manner, as would not only defeat the operation, but occafion the hazard of other inconveniencies. The varnifh thus pre- pared, attains a brown appearance ; but, when fpread on filver, gives it a colour greatly fimilar to that of gold. If, however, it fhould not be found, after this proceed- ing,* that the force of yellow was fufficiently ftrong, an addition of more aloes muft be made before the boiling be difcontinued. Care muft be taken, neverthelefs, in doinp this, not to.throw in a large lump at once; be- caufe fuch an effervefcence is excited, in that cafe, as would endanger the varnifh rifing over the edge of the
: D
3
. (3a veffel, and producing a flame, that would Snflantly make the whole take fire. On the other hand, if the varnifh feem too ftrong of the colour, fandaric muft be added with the fame precaution, which increafing the quantity of varnith, will dilute the colour. The laying the la- quer, or varnifh on the filvered leather, is performed in the open air: and fhould be done in fummer, when it is hot and dry... It is thus performed: The fkins are again to be ftretched and faftened with nails to the fame boards on which they were before fixed to complete the drying after the filvering : but with this difference, that the filvered fide muft be outwards.. Eighty or twenty fkins may be treated thus at the fame time: there being two or threeon each board. All the boards fhould be then ranged on treffels parallel to each other, in fuch manner, that all, both of them and the fkins, may be clofe to each other. Every thing being thus prepared, the principal workman fpreads fome of the white of eggs over each fkin. he ufe of this is to fll up fmall in- equalities in the furface of the fkin 5 and to prevent the varnith pafling throagh the interftices of the filver, and being abferbed by the leather. _ Some omit this: and with advantage, if thefe inconveniencies could be avoided without it: as it renders the varnifh more apt to crack and peel off the filver. But where it is omitted, the varnifh fhould be of a thicker confiftence ; the furface of the teather of a firm denfe texture; and the Jeaves
iton the fkin. Tn doing this, he holds the fingers at a fall but equal diftance from each other, and putting the ends of them on the {kin near one of the edges of it 5 avd he then moves his hands fo, that each finger paints a kind of S with the varnith, from one end of the fein to the other, | He afterwards.dips his fingers again in ~ the varnith, and repeats the fame operation again an the
31 rext part of the, fkin, till the whole be gone over inthe fame manner. This might be done with a pencil or propet brufh : but the workman finds the ufing the fing- ers only, to be the readieft method for diftributing the varnifh equally over the fkin. After the varnifh is thus laid-on the fkin, it is to be fpread: which is ftil] done by the hand folely:; The method is, to rub the flat of the open hand over every part of the fkin on which the varnifh has been put by the fingers, and by that means diffufe it evenly over every part. After this, it is to be immediately beaten by ftrokes of the palms of the hands, which are to be frequently repeated on every part in ge- neral, butin a greater degree on thofe places where the varnifh appears to lie thicker than on the reft : and in doing this, both hands are, for difpatch, employed at the fame time, When this operation is finifhed, the fkins are {till to be left on the boards where they were {tretched and nailed ; and thofe boards are; therefore, either continued till that time on the treffels where the varnifh was put on the fkin; or, if they be wanted for freth fkins, taken off, and fixed up agamft the wall of the place, or any other proper. fupport. The time of . drying depends of courfe on the heat of the fun and weather ; but at a feafonable time does not exceed a few hours. It is to be known, as to each particular parcel of fkins, by examining them with the fingers Lf on touching them, they be found free from any ftickinefs, or, in the ityle of workmen, tackinefs, or that the finger makes no impreffion on the varnifh, they may be con- cluded fufficiently dry ; and the contrary, when they are found to be otherwife. This cout of varnifli being dry, the fkins are to be again put on the treffels as be- fore, and another coat laid on exaétly in the fame man- ner as the firft. In doing this, examination muft be — made, whether any of the fkins appear ftronger or weaker coloured than the others ; in order that the de- feét may be now remedied, by making this coat thicker or thianer, as may appear neceflary. When this coat is dry, the varnifhing for producing the appearance of gilding is completed : and if it has been well performed,
32
the leather will have a very fine gold colour, with a
confiderable degree of polifh or brightnefs. When
there is. an intention to have one part of the leather filver, and the other gold, a pattern is formed on the furface, by printing, calking, or ftamping a defign on the furface after the filvering. The fkin is then to be varnifhed, as if the whole were intended to be gold ;_ but after the lait coat, inftead of drying the varnifh, it is to be immediately taken off that part which is intended to be filver, according to the defign printed or calked upon
it, by.a knife; with which theavorkman fcrapes off all
that he can without injuring the filver, and afterwards by a linen cloth, with which all that remains is endea-
voured to be wiped or rubbed off. The skins, being
thus filvered and varnifhed, are made the ground of va-
rious defigns for emboffed work and painting. ‘The ém- boffed work or relief is raifed by means of printing with
a rolling prefs, fuch as is ufed for copper-plates; but
the defign is here to beengraved on wood. ‘The paint-
ing may be of any kind; but oil is principally ufed, as
being durable and moft eafily performed. There is no-
thing raore neceflary in this cafe, than in painting on
other grounds, except that, where varnifh or water is
ufed, the furface be clean from any oily or greafy mat-
ter.
- Of gilding of glafs without annealing or burning.]
Glafs may be gilt, by applying as a cement, any gold
fize, or other fize, gum water or varnifh; and, when
it isof a proper degree of drynefs, laying on the gold,
as in the other methods of gilding. The work may alfo be polithed afterwards in the fame manner, if the burnifhed appearance be defired: but where that is in-
tended, it is proper to add bole ammoniac, chalk, or
other fuch fubitance, to the cement. When drinking-
glaffes are to be gilt, without burning, the cement fhould
be either fome gold fize formed of oil, or fome kind of varnifh compounded of the gum refins, that will not diffolve in water; but require either f{pirit of wine or oil of turpentine for their folution. At prefent, never- thelefs, this is not enly neglected by thofe who gild
(B68
drinking-glaffes for fale ; but glafles gilded with guint arabic, or the fizes which will diffolve in water, are ime pofed upon the public for the German glaffes gilt with the annealed gold; and fold at the dear rate under that pretence; though after they have been ufed for a very fhort time, the gold peels and rubs off in {pots when the glaffes are cleaned; and renders them very unfightly. As the glaffes with gilt edges are at prefent much in fafhion, and the true kind are brought from Germany, or elfewhere, the incitement of the cultivating this branch of gilding here, would not be aw unfit objeé& of the premiums of the worthy fociety for the encourage- ment of arts. Since for the doing this work in perfec- tion, there is nothing more wanting, than that dexterity of the manceuvre, which arifes from a little pradtice in matters of this kind. :
Of filvering.] Silvering may be praétifed on the fame fubftances ; and all by the fame methods, either with leaf or powder, as we have before pointed out with re- gard to gilding ; variation being made in a few circum- {tances below mentioned. It is, neverthelefs, but feldom ufed, notwithftanding the effe& would be very beautiful and proper in many cafes; and there isan extreme good reafon for fuch a negle& of it. This reafon is, its tar- nifhing in a very fhort time ; and acquiring frequently, befides the general depravity of the whitenefs, fuch {pots of various colours, as render it very unfightly ; and this tarnifh and {pecking is not only the conftant refult of time, but will be often produced inftantly by any ex- traordinary moifture in the air, or dampnefs, as well ag by the fumes and effluvia of many bodies which may happen to approach it. Wherever, therefore, filvering is admitted, a frong varnifh ought to be put over it: - and this even is not fufficient wholly to fecure it from this deftructive confequence. The varnith mutt be fome of the compofitions of mattic, fanderac, the gums animi or copal, and white refin ; (the particular treatment of which in the forming varnifhes will be found in other parts of this work) for the other fubftances ufed for compounding varnifhes are too, yellow. Some put a
. 4
eoat of ifinglafs fize over the filver; but, befides that the fize itfelf injures the whitenefs in time, by turning yellow, it preferves the filver but in a {mall degree. Experience has fhown, in the cafe of the filvered leather, what the varnifh may be compofed of, that anfwers beft for this purpofe, and the kind before given, p. 28, under that head, may be applied to other purpofes. The ‘methods of making the filver powders, is alfo the fame as thofe of gold, except with regard to one of the Ger- man powders, which is correfpondent both in its ap- pearance and ufe, abating the difference of colour, to aurum Mofaicum or mufivum ; whence it has been in- deed, though improperly, called the argentum mu/fivum. The procefs for this being, therefore, different from any before given, it is proper to infert it fully, as follows: ‘¢ Take of very pure tin one pound: put it intoa crucible, and fet it on a fireto melt: when it begins to run into fufion, add to it an equal proportion of bif- muth ortin glafs: and ftir the mixture with an iron rod, or the fmall end of a tobacco-pipe, till the whole be intirely melted, and incorporated. Take the crucible then from the fire; and, after the melted compofition is become a little cooler, but while it is yet in a fluid ftate, pour into it a pound of quickfilver gradually ; flirring it in the mean time, that the mercury may be thoroughly conjoined with the other ingredients. When the whole is thus commixt, pour the mafs out of the crucible on the ftone ; where, as it cools, it will take the form of an amalgama’or metalline pate ; which will be eafily bruifed into a flafky powder; and is then fit for ufe.””—This powder may be either tempered, inthe manner of the Micll gold, with guin water; ut rubbed over a ground properly fized, according to any of the -methods above directed for gold powder; and it will take a very good polifh from the dog’s tooth or bur- nifhers, and hold its colour much better with a flight coat of varnifh over it, than any true filver powder or leaf. The fizes for filvering ought not to be mixed, as in the cafe of gold, with yellow, or bole ammoniac : - but with fome white fubftance, whofe effe& may prevent
\ any {mall failures in the covering the ground with the filver from being feen, in the fame manner as the yellow fubftances do the gold. ‘This may be done with flake white, or white lead, when the fizes formed of oil are ufed: but whiting is the proper matter in the burnifh fize for filvering or wherever the glover’s or parchment fize isufed. Some recommend tobacco pipe clay in the place of whiting ; and add a little lamp-black to give a filver-like greyifhnefs to the compofition. Leather is ilvered by thofe who have the manufa€tures of hangings, . fkreens, &c. though not fo frequently with a view to the retaining its own colour, as to produce the imita- tion of gilding, of which the whole procefs is before given, p. 22. In fomecafes, neverthelefs, the appear- ance of filver is retained ; and it is therefore proper to take fome notice of the manner of performing this work. The proceeding in filvering the leather, is to be in all refpects the fame, as when it is to have the appearance of gilding {of which the particular manner has been: before fhown under the article of gilding leather) till that part of the procefs where the varnith or laquer, which is to give the yellow colour, isto be laid on, In- itead of this yellow varnifh, a clear colourlefs one is to be fubftituted, where the appearance of filver is to be preferved : but this is neceflary only, in order to pre- vent the tarnifh and difcolouring, which of courfe hap. pensin a fhort time to filver expofed in a naked and un- defended ftate to the air. The molt common varnifh ufed for this purpofe, is only parchment fize, prepared as above dire€ted, .p. 7, which is preferred to others, on account of its cheapnéfs. ‘This is made warm, in order to render it fluid, and then laid on with a fpunge inftead of a pencil or brufh. There is no reafon, how- ever, as this kind of varnifh is liable to fuffer by moifture, and grow foul and difcoloured, that better kinds, fuch as thofe of Martin, or others, which are ufed for papier machey wood, &c. fhould not be employed here, pro- vided they be colourlefs. ‘The more hard ard tranfpa- rent, and the more they are of a refinows nature, the more brilliant and white, and the more durable will be
6
the filvery, and attics oo MEM of the filver leather. Some, inftead of parchment fize, ufe that made of ifingiafs, which may be prepared according to the me- thod laid down, p. 7. This refifts moifture, and will keep its colour and tranfparency, better than the other kinds of fize: but all of them grow yellow and cloudy with time 3 efpecially if any damper moifture have ac- cefs to them. Indeed filver fecured even by the beft varuifh, will ftillin time take a tarnifh, and lofe its beauty : and therefore the giving the leaf filver on leather the appearance of gold, even tho’ attended with fome additional expence, is preferable in moft cafes. Leather filvered in this manner may be ornamented by printing in relief, and by painting, in the fame manner as that reprefenting gilding: though, on account of the want of durability, this is much feldomer prattifed. It is poflible that fome amalgama of quickfilver, or other compofition, might be found that would have the re- femblance of filver, and yet refift tarnifhing: which would not only be a great improvement, by the furnifh- ing a durable kind of filvering for leather, paper, &c. but alfo fave part of the expence of leaf filver for a ground for gilded leather. This has been attempted in France with fome fuccefs ; but not ta the degree: of perfetion withed for.
Of bronzing.] Bronzing is colouring, by metalline powders, platter, or other bufts and figures, in order to make them appear as if caft of copper or other me- tals. Thisis fometimes done by means of cement, and fometimes without, in the inftance. of plafter figures : but the bronzing is more durable and fecure when a ce- ment is ufed. © The sald powders, and the aurum Mo. faicum, we have before given the preparation of, are fre- quently employed for thispurpofe ; but the proper bronz- ing ought to be of a deeper and redder colour, more re- fembling copper; which effet may be produced by grinding a very {mall quantity of red lead with» thefe powders ; or the proper powder of copper may be ufed : and may be prepared as follows——‘* Take fil. ings of copper, or flips of copper-plates, and diffulve
; i ee
them in any kind of aguafortis put into a glafs receiv- er,,or other proper formed veffel. When the aquafor- tis is faturated with the copper, take out the flips of the plates 3 or, if filings were ufed, pour off the folu- tion from what remains undiffolved, and put into it fmall bars of iron: which will precipitate the copper from the aguafortis in a powder of the proper appearance and colour of copper. Pour off the water then from the pow- - der; and wafh it clean from the falts, by feveral fucceffive quaiirities of freth water.’’?-—— Where'the apearatice of brals is defigned, the gold powders, or the aurum Me- faicum, may be mixed with a little of the powder call-
ed afgentun: mufivum ; of which the preparation is above piven, Where the appearance of filver is want- ed, the wrgentum mufivum is the belt and cheapelt me- thod; particularly as i¢ will hold its colour much longer than the true filver ufed cithergin leaf or powder, Where no cement is ufedin bronzing, the powder mult be'rubbed on the fubject intended to be bronzed, by means of a piece of foft leather, or fine linen rag, till the whole furface be coloured. The former‘method of uling a cement in bronzing was, to mix the powders with trong gum water, or ifinglafs fize; and then with a bruh, or pencil, today them on the fubje&. But at prefent’ fome ufe the japanners gold fize: and proceed in all refpeéts in the fame manver-as in gilding with the powders in other cafes: for which ample di- rections have been before given. This is the beft me- thod hitherto praétifed, For the japanners gold fize binds the powders to the ground, without the leait ha- zaid of peeling-or falling off s which is liable to happen when the gum’ water or glover’ s or ifinglafs fizes are uf ed.) Thoogh, notwithitanding the authority of the old practice for the contrary, even thefe cements will much better feeure them when they are laid on the ground, and the powders rubbed over them, than when both’ are mixed tugether, and the effett, particularly of the aw- ram Molaicum, wil) be much better in this way than the otlitv. ‘Lhe gold fize fhould be foffered, in this cafe, to approach ra ich nearer to drynefs, thanis proper in
( 38 ) ; the cafe of gilding with leaf gold, as the powders would otherwife be rubbed amongft it in the laying them on, The fictitious filver powder, called the ar- gentum mufivum, may, as above-mentioned, be applied in the manner of bronze, by thofé whofe caprice dif- pofes them to filver figures or bufts. But it is the only fort of filver powder that fhould be ufed in this way, for the reafon above given: and all fuch kind of filver- ing is much better omitted. For the whitenefs itfelf of plaifter in figures or bufts, and much more a glofly or fhining whitenefs, is injurious to their right effet ; by its eluding’ the judgment of the eye, with re- fpe&t to the proper form and proportion of the parts from the falfe and pointed refleCtions of the lights, and the too faint force of the fhades. To remove which inconvenience it is probable was the firft inducement to bronzing.
Oj japanning.] By japanning is to be here under- ftood the art of covering bodies by grounds of opake colours in varnifh; which may be either afterwards decorated by paintings or gilding, or left in a plain ftate. This is not at prefent practifed fo frequently on chairs, tables, aad other furniture of houfes, except tea-waiters, as formerly. But the introduétion of it for ornamenting coaches, fnuff-boxes, and fkreens, in which there is a rivalfhip betwixt ourfelves and the French, readers the cultivation and propagation of this art of great importance tocommerce. I fhall therefore be more explicit in fhowing the methods both now and and formerly in ufe; with the application of each to the feveral purpofes to which they are beft adapted ; and point out at the fame time feveral, very material im. provements, that are at prefent only enjoyed by par- ticular perfons; or not at all hitherto brought Inte practice. The fubftances which admit of being japan- ned are almoft every kind thatare dry and rigid, or not, too flexible ; as wood, metals, leather, and paper pre- pared. Wood and metals do not require any other preparation, but to have their furfaces perfeétly even and clean. Bat leather thould be fecurcly ftrained
Cg} either on frames or on boards; as its bending or form ing folds would otherwife crack and force off the coats of varnifh. Paper alfo fhould be treated in the fame_ manner ; and have a previous ftrong coat of fome kind of fize; but it is rarely made the fubje& of japanning till it is converted into papier mache, or wrought, by other means, into fuch form, that its original ftate, particularly with refpe& to flexibility, is loft. One principal variation in the manner of japanning is, the ufing or omitting any priming or undercoat on the work to be japanned. In the older praétice, fuch priming was always ufed ; and is at prefent retained in the French manner of japanning coaches and fauff boxes of the papier mache. But in the Birmingham manufaéture here, it has been always rejected. The advantage of uling fuch priming or undercoat is, that it makes a faving in the quantity of varnifh ufed; be- caufe the matter of which the priming is compofed, fills up the inequalities of the body to be varnithed ; and makes it eafy, by means of rubbing and water- polifhing, to gain an even furface for the varnifh. This was therefore {uch a convenience in the cafe of: wood, as the giving a hardnefs and firmnefs to the ground, was alfo in the cafe of leather, that it became an eftablifhed method : and is therefore retained, even in the inftance of the papier mache, by the French, who applied the received method of japanning to that kind of work on its introdu@tion. ‘There is neverthe- lefs this inconvenience always attending the ufe of an undercoat of fize, that the japan coats of varnifh and caloar will be conftantly liable to be cracked and peel- ed off, by any violence, and will not endure near fo Jong as the bodies japanned in the farne manner, but withont any fuch priming. This may be eafily ob- ferved in comparing the wear of the Paris and Ber- mingham fnwi boxes; which latter, when good of their kind, never peel or crack, or fuffer any damage, unlefs by great violence, and fuch a continued rubbing, as waftes away the fubitance of the varnifh: while the japan coats of the Parifian boxes crack and” fly off in E 2 ‘
( 40 flakes, whenever'any knock or fall, particularly near the edges, expofes them to beinjured, But the Bir- miagham manufacturers, who originally pra@ifed the japanning only on metals, te which the reafon above given for the ufe of priming did not extend, and who took up this art of themfelyes as an invention, of courfe omitted at firlk the ufe of any fuch undercoat ; and not finding it more neceflary in the inftance of papier mache, than on metals, continue {till to rejeét it, On which account the boxes of their manufacture are, withregard to the wear, greatly better than the French. Thelaying onthe tg ott, | varnifh initead of gum water, is alfo another variation from the method of japanning formerly praGtifed. Butthe much greater ftrength of the work, where they. are laid on in varnifh or. oil, has occafioned this way to be exploded, with the greateft reafon, in all regular manufactures... However, they who may practife japanning on cabinets, or other fuch pieces, as are not expofed to much wear and vio- lence, for theit amufement only, and confequently may _ not find it worth their while to. encumber themfelves with the preparations neceffary for the other methods, may paint with water colours on an undercoat laid on the wood, or other fubftance, of which the piece to. be japanned is formed ; and then finih with the proper coats o€ varnith, according to the methods below taught. If the colours are tempered with the Rrongeft ifinglafs fize and honey, itftead of gum. water, and , laid on very flat and even, the work will not be much. inferior in appearance.to that done by the other, me-_ thod ; and will laft as long as the common old japan :
Moree scent tn: iit kinds abana thio webatcy ges 18 practifed likewife, in imitation of what is fometimes done in the Indian work, to paint with water colours. on grounds of gold; in which cafe the ifinglals fize, with -fugar-candy or honey, ay above direéted, is the beft vehicle. [mitations are alfo made of japan work, by colouring prints, gluing them. to wood-work, and giving them a fhining appearance, by the ufe of fome white varnifh. ’
gn Oe. hoe fae
Of japan grounds.] The proper japan grounds are either {uch as are formed by the vatnifh and colour, where the whole is‘ to remain of one fimple colour ; or by the varnifh either coloured or without colour, on - which fome painting or otler decoration, is afterwards to be laid on, It is neceffary, however, before 1 proceed to fpeak ofthe particular grounds, to fhow the manner of laying on the priming or undercoat, where any fuch is ufed. This priming is of the fame mature with that called clear e¢oating (or vulgarly clear coaling) pratifed erroneoufly by houfe-painters; and confitts only in laying on, and drying in the moft even manner, a compolition of fize and whiting. ‘The common fize has been generally ufed for this purpofe: but where the work is of a nicer kind, it is better to employ the giover’s or the parchment fize ; and if a third of ifin- glafs be added, it will be till betters and if not laid on too thick, much lefs liable to peel and ctack. The work fhould be prepared for this priming, by being well fmoothed with the fith fkin, or glafs fhaver; and, being made thoroughly clean, fhould be brufhed over once er twice with hot fize, diluted with two thirds of water, if it be of the common ftrength, The priming fhould then be laid on with a brufh as even as poflible ; and thould be formed of a fize, whofe confiitence is be- twixt the common kind and glue, mixed with as much whiting as will give it a fufficient body of colour to hide the furface of whatever it is laid upon, but not more. If the furface be very even, on which the prim- ing is ufed, two coats of it, laid ‘on in this manner, will be fufficient : but if, on trial with a fine rag wet, it will not receive a proper water polifh, on account of any inequalities not fufficiently filled up and covered, two oF more coats mutt be given it: and whether a createror leis number be ufed, the work fhould be imoothed, after the laft coat but one is dry, by rub- bing 1 with the Dutch rufhes. When the laft coat is Gry, toe water polith fhould be given, by pafling over every part of it witha fine rag gently, moiflened, till phe whole eppear perfectly clean and even, ‘The prim-
» Dylpraiaer a
42
ing will then be completed, and the work ready.to re- . ceive the painting, or coloured varnifh : the reli of the. proceedings being. the fame in this sai as where ne
priming is ufed, Of common grounds of varnifh which are to be painted
upon.] Where wood or leather is to be japanned, . and. ,
nQ priming is ufed, the bett preparation is to lay two
or three coats of coarfe varnifh compofed in the follows.
7
ing manner.—-—‘* Take of reétified {pirit of wine one
pint, and of coarfe feed-lac and refin, cach, two oun- ces. Diffolvé the feed-lac and refin inthe fpirit: and
then ftrain off the varnifh.’*— This varnifly, as well as. all others formed of {pirit of wine, muft be laidonina .
warm place; and, if it can be conveniently managed, the piece of work to be varnifhed fhould be made warm likewife: and for the fame. reafon, all dampnefs fhould be avoided ; for either cold or moifture. chill this kind. of cant and prevent its taking proper hold of the fubftance on which it is laid. When the work is fo pre-
pared, or by the priming of the compolition of fize .
and whiting above defcribed, the proper japan ground muft be laid on, which.is much the bef formed of
fhell-lac varnith, aud the colour defired ; if white be not ~
in queftion, which demands a petuliar treatment, as, f that below explain; or great brightnefs be not required,
when alfo ty means muft be purfued... The colours: ,
ufed> with the fhell-lac varnifh, may. be any pigments).
whatever which give the teint, of the ground.detired ;
and they may be mixed together to form, brio mais
or any compound colours : but¢with refpe& to fuch<
as require peculiar methods for the producing them, ofthe firit degree of brightneis, i, ihail particuiarize them below. The colours for grounds may otherwite
be mixed with the white. varnifhes formed in. ofl. of turpentine. 3 but. thefe. varnifhes have no advan)”
tages over the fhell-lac but in their whitenefs, that pre-
ferves the brightnefs of the colours ; 3 and they. are at),
the fame. time greatly inferior. in hardnefs to it. As metals never require te be under. coated with whiting,
(143: 1)
they may be treated in the fame manner as wood or Tea# ther when the under-coat is omitted, except in the in- ftances particularly fpoken of below. . '
Of «white japan grounds. | The forming a ground pers feétly white, and of the fir degree of hardnefs, re- mains hitherto a defideratumy; or matter fought for in theart of japanning. As there are no fubftances which can be difidived, fo asto form a.very hard varnifh, but what have too much colour not to deprave the white- nefs, when laid on of a due thicknefs over the work, except fome very late difcoveries not hitherto brought intd praétice. ‘The neareft approach, however, to a perfect white varnifh, by means already known to the public, is made by the following compofition.—— ‘© Take. fake white, or white lead, wafhed over aud ground witha fixth of its weight of flarch, aod then dried; and temper it properly for fpreading, with the maftic varnifh, or compound them with the gum ani- mi.””——Lay thefe on the body to be japanned, prepared either with or without the under-coat of whiting, in the manner as above ordered; and then varnith over it with five or-fix coats of the following varnifh._——‘ Pro-
vide any quantity of the belt feed lac; and pick out . |
of it ail the cleareft and whiteft grains; referving the more coloured and fouler parts for the coarfer varnifhes, fucb vas that above mentionéd for priming or pre- paring wood or leather. Take of this picked feed lac two ouves ; and of gum animi three ounces 5 and dif- falve them, being previoufly reduced toa grofs powder, in aboat a qoart of fpirit of ;wine ; and ftrain off the clear varnifh.??——~Vhe feed lac will yet give a fight tinge to this compofition; but cannot be omitted, where the varnifh is wanted to be hard: ‘though, where a fofter will anfwer tue end, the proportion may be di- minifhed ; and’a little crude turpentine added to the gum animi, to take off.the .brittlenefs. A very good var- nith, free entirely from all brittlenefs, may be ‘formed, bydiffulving 4 much gum animi, as the oil will take, in eld ut erpoppy oil; which muft be made to boil
{ 44) gently, when the gum is put into it. The ground of white colour itfelf may be laid on in this varnith ; and then a coat or two of it may be put over the ground : but it muft be well diluted with oil of turpentine when it is ufed. ‘This, though free from brittlenefs, is, ne- verthelefs, liable to fuffer ; by being indented or bruif- ed by any flight ftrokes ; and it will not well bear any polith, but may be brought toa very fmooth furface without, if it be judicioufly managed in the laying it on. It is likewife fomewhat tedious in drying, and will require fome time where feveral coats are laid on, as the laft ought not to contain much oil of turpentine. It mutt be obferved, likewife, that the gum refin, fuch as the animi, copal, &c. can never be diffolved in fubftantial oils, by the medium of heat, without acon- fiderable change inthe colour of the oils, by the de- gree of heat neceflary to produce the folution. A me- thod of diffolving gum copal in oil of turpentine is, however, now dilcovered by a gentleman of great abi- lities in chemiitry ; and he has alfo obtained a method of diffolving amber inthe fame menitruum, fo that we may hope foon to fee the art of japanning carried to a confummate degree of perfeGion; when the public are put in poffeffion of thefe moft important inventions, or the fruits of them,
Of blue japan grounds.] Blne japan grounds may be, formed of bright Pruffian blue ; or of verditer glazed over by Proffian blue; or of fmalt. The colour may be beft mixed with fhell-lac varnifh ; and brought to a polifhing ftate by five or fix coats of varnifh of feed-lac, - But the varnifh, neverthelefs, will fomewhat injure the colour, by giving toa true blue a cait of green; and fouling in fome degree a warm blue, by the yellow it contains. Where, therefore, a bright blue is required, and a lefs degree of hardnefs can be difpenfed with, the the method before direGted, in the cafe of white — grounds, muft be purfued. sin
‘Of red japan grounds.| Fora {carlet japan ground, vermillion may be ufed. But the vermillion alone has
45 } : ae a.glaring effect, that renders it much !efs béautiful thar the crimfon produced by glazing it over with carmine or fine lake ; or even with rofe pink, which has a very good effe& ufed for this purpofe. Fora very bright crimfon, neverthelefs, inflead of glazing with carmine,
the Indian lake, known in the- fhops by the name of '
fafflower, fhould be ufed, diffolved in the {pirit of which the varnifh is compounded (which it readily admits of when good). But in this cafe, inflead of glazing
with the fhell-lac varnifh, the upper or polifhing coats °
need only be ufed; as they will equally receive and convey the tinge of the Indian lake, which maybe aQtu-
ally diffolved by fpirit of wine: and this will be found a.
much cheaper method than the ufing carmine. If, ne-
verthelefs, the highelt degree of brightnefs be requi-
red, the white varnifhes muft be ufed. It is at prefent, however, very difficult to obtain -this kind of lake. For it does not appear that more than one confiderable quantity was ever brought over, and put into the hands
of colourmen: and this being now expended, they
have not the means of a frefh fupply: it, however, may. be eafily had from the fame place whence the former-quantity was procured, by any perfons who go thither in, the Eaft-India thips. es Of yellow japan grounds.| For bright yellow grounds, King’s yellow, or turpeth mineral, fhould be employed, either alone or mixed with fine Dutch pink. The ef- fe&t may be ftill more heightened, by diffolving pow- dered turmevic root in the fpirit of wine, of which the upper or polifhing coat is. made; which fpirit of wine, muft be.itrained from off the dregs, before the feed-lac be added to it. to form the varnifh. The feed- lac varnifh is not equally injurious, here, and with greens, asin the cafe.of other colours ; becaufe, being only tinged with a reddifh yellow, itis little more than
an. addition to. the force of the colours. Yellow.
grounds may be likewife formed of the Dutch pink only,,.which, when. good, willinot be wanting in brightaels, though extremely cheap,
a
( 46 )
Of green japan grounds.) Green grounds may be produced by mixing King’s yellow and bright Pruffian blue ; or rather, turpeth mineral and Pruffian bluc. A cheap, but fouler kind, may be had from verdigrife, with alittle of the above mentioned yellows, or Dutch pink. But where a very bright green is wanted, the cry ttals of verdigrife, (called difilled verdigrife) thould _ beemployed; and to heighten the effeét, they fhould
be laid on a ground of leaf gold, which renders the colour extremely brilliant and pleafing. They may any of them be ufed fuccefsfully with good feed-lac varnifh, for the reafon before given: byt will be ftill brighter with the white varnifh. :
Of crange-coloured japan grounds.| _Ovange-coloured japan grounds. may be formed, by mixing vermillion, or red lead, with King’s yellow, or Dutch pink; or the orange Jake; or red orpiment, will make a brighter orange ground than can be produced by any mixture.
Of purple japan grounds.} Purple japan grounds may be produceéd by the mixture of Jake, and Prvffian blue ; ora fouler kind, by vermillion and Pruffian blue. ‘They may be treated as the reft; with refpeét to the varoith. DP:
Of black japan grounds, to be produced without beat.] Black grounds may be formed by either ivory-black, or lamp-black: but the former is preferable, where. it is perfectly good. Thefe may be always laid’ on with the fhell-lac varnith: and have their upper or polifhing coats of common feed-lac, varnifh; as the tinge or foulnefs of the varnifh can be here no injury. | ey
Of common black japan grounds on iron or copper, pro- duced by means of beat.| Yor forming the common black japan grounds by means of heat, the piece of work to be japanned muft be painted over with drying oil: and when it is of a moderate drynefs, muft be put into a ftove of fuch degree of heat, as will change the oil black, without burning it, fo as to deftroy or weaken its tenacity. The ftove fhould not be too hot when the work is put into it, nor the heat increafed to@
( 47 )
faft; either of which errors would make it blifter :’ but the flower the heat is augmented, and the longer it is continued, provided it be reftrained within the due degree, the harder will be the coat of japan. This kind of varnifh requires no polifhing, having received, when properly managed, a fufficient one from the heat.
Of the fine tortoife-fhell japan ground, produced by means of heat.| ‘The bett kind of tortoife-fhell ground produced by heat is not lefs valuable for its great hard- ne{s, and endured to be made hotter than boiling water without damage, than for its beautiful appearance. It is to be made by means of a varnifh prepared in the following manner. ‘Take of good linfeed oil one gallon, and of umbre half a pound. Boil them toge- ther till the oil become very brown and thick: ftrain it thea through a coarfe cloth; and fet it again to boil ; in which ftate it mutt be continued till it acquire a pitchy confiftence, when it will be fit for ufe.”>—— Having prepared thus the varnith, clean well the iron or copper-piate, or other piece which is to be japan- wed; and then lay vermillion tempered with thell-lac varnifh, or with drying oil diluted with oil of turpen- tine very thinly, on the places intended to imitate the taore tranfparent parts of the tortoife-fhell, When the vermillion is dry, brufh over the whole with the black varnifh, tempered to a due confiflence with vil of tarpeatine; and when it is fet and firm, put the work into a ftove, where it may undergo a very itrong heat; and maft be cuntinued a confiderable time, if even three weeks or a month, it will be the better. This was given amongit other rec’pes by Kunckel; but appears to have been neglected till it was revived with great fuccefs in the Birmingham manufaétures, where it wasnot only the ground of {nuff-boxes, dreffing- boxes, and other fuch lefler pieces, but of thofe beauti- fuj tea waiters, which have been fo juftly efteemed and admired in feveral parts of Europe where they have been feat. This ground may be decorated with paint. ing and gilding, in the fame maanerasany other var-
es Way RS | nifhed furface, which had beft be done after the ground has been duly hardened by the hot ftove : but it is well to give.a fecond annealing with a more gentle heat af- ter it is finifhed, | Ai24 ; we . Of painting japan werk.| Japan work ovght proper- __ ly.to’be painted with colours in varnifh. But in order for.the greater difpatch, and, in fome very nice works in {mall, for the freer ufe of the pencil, the colours are now moft frequently tempered: in oil: which fhould previoufly kave a fourth part of its. weight of gum animi diffolved in. it; or, in default of that, of the gums fanderac oy maftic, as.1 bave likewife before inti- mated. When the ail is thus ufed, it fhould be well diluted with fpirit of turpentine, that the colours may be laid more evenly-and thin: by which means, fewer of the polifhing or upper coats. of varnifh become. ae- ceflary. In fome inftances, water colours, as 1 before mentioned, are laid on grounds of geld, in the other paintings ; and.are belt, when fo ufed, -in their proper appearance, without any varnith. over them ; and they ate alfo fometimes.fo managed, as to have the effe@ of embofled work, The colours employed in this way for painting,-are (as L before intimated) beft prepared by means of ifinglafs fize corrected with honey, or fu- gar-candy, .The body of which the embofled work is caifed, need not, however, be tinged with the exterior _Solour ; but may be beft- formed. of very. flrong gum water, thickened to a proper confiftence by bole am- monia¢ and whiting in equal parts :which being. Jaid on in the proper figure, and repaired, when dry, amay. be then painted with the proper colours tempered in the ifinglafs Sze, cr inthe general saanner with hell tae j . ‘SH 1eee ay? we Me eee Oo” t adtctal -- ~ ° ae Keil yarnifh, picks AE So i ai Oat Be ree ut Of varnifhing japan works] Thelaf, and finifhing . part.of japanning, lies in the laying oh and polifhing the outer coats of :varnifh; which are: necéflary, .as well in the: pieces that have only one fimple ground of, colour; as with thofe that are painted. "Phisan general, fs beft done: with common feed-laqg varnith 5. except —
( 49 ) | the inftances, and oa thofe occafions, where I have already fhown other metaods. to be more expedient : and the fame reafons, which decide as to the fitnefs or — impropriety of the varnifhes, with refpe& to the colours of the ground, hold equaily well with regard to thofe of the painting. For where brightnefs is the molt ma- terial point, and a tinge of yellow will injure it, feed- lac muft give way to the whiter gums. But where hard.ic(s, and a greater tenacity, are molt effential, it mult be adhered to: and where both are fo neceflary, that it is proper one fhould give way to the other, in a Certain degree reciprocally, 4 mixed varnifh maft be adopted. This mixed varnifh, as I before obferved, fhould be made of the pick’d feed-lac, as directed in p- 43. ‘Lhe common feedslac varnith, which is the mofi ufeful preparation of the kind hitherto invented, may be thus made. ‘* Take of feed-lac three ounces, and put into water to free it from the fticks and filth that frequently are intermixed with it; and which mult be done by ftirring it about, and then pouring off the water and adding frefh quantities, in order to repeat the operations till ic be free from all impu- rities; as it very effectually may be by this me-ns, Dry it then, and powder it grofsly ; and put it, with a pint of rectified fpirit of wine, into a bottle, of which it will not fill above two-thirds. Shake the mix- ture well together, and place the bottle in a gentle: heat, till the feed appear to be diffolved ; the fhaking being in the mean time repeated as often as may be convenient ; and then pour off all which can be obtain- ed clear by that method: and ftrain the remainder through a coarfe cloth. The varnifh thus prepared- mutt be kept for ufe in a bottle well flopt.””>_—_When the fpirit of wine is very ftrong, it will diffolve a greater proportion of the feed-lac: but this will fatu- rate the common, which is feldom of a ftrength foflicient for making varnifhes in perfe@tion.. As the - chilling, which is liga inconvenient ‘accident at- rending thofe of this kind, is prevented, or produced more Jrequently, according to the ftrength of the F
ae Tis. ; fpirit, I will take this opportunity of fhowing a method by which weaker reGtified fpirits may with great cafe, at anytime, be freed from the phlegm, and rendered of the firft degree of ftrength. ‘Take a pint of ‘the Common reétified fpirit of wine, and put it into a bottle, of which it will not fill above three parts. Add to it half an ounce of pearl-afhes, falt of tartar, or any other dikaline falt, heated red-hot, and powdered, as well a6 it can be without much lofs of its heat. Shake the mixture frequently for the fpace of half an hour ; before which time, a great part of the phlegm ‘will be feparated ‘from ‘the {pirit ; and will appear, together with ‘the uudiffulved ‘part of the ‘falts in the bot- tom of the bottle. Let the fpirit then be poured off, or freed “from the phlegm at.! fults By means of a frz- thorium, or feparating funnel; and let half an ounce of the pearl-athes, heated and powdered as before, be add- éd to it, andthe’ fame treatment repeated. This may be done a thind time, if the quantity of phlegm feparated by the addition of the peatl-afhes appear confiderable, ‘An‘outce of alum reduced to powder and mede hot,
. dde' perteétly dry : did then tte vareiW maybe twhbeéd* cver “them by “whe o ; : ty ad SAD s theny ns ‘he :
A
eee ie 7 i proper brathes made for that purpofe, beginning.in the middle, and paffing the bruth to one end;.and thens with another ftroke fromthe middle, paling it to the other. But no part thould be erdfied ot twice paffed’ over, in forming one coat, where it can poffibly be avoided. Wheén One coat is dry, another mult be laid over its and this muft be continued at leaft five or fix times,,or more; if, on trial, there be not a fufficient thickvefs of varnifh to hear the polifh, without laying bare the painting, or the grouad colotir underneath. When a fafficient number of coats is thus laid on, the, work is fit to be polithed: which’ muft be done, in common cafes, by. rubbing it with a rag dipped in tri- poli (commonly called rotten ffone), finely powdered. But towards the end of the rubbing, a little oil of any kind fhould be. ufed along with the powdet; and when the work appears fufficiently , bright and gloffy, it fhould be well rubbed with the'oil'alone, to cléan it from the powder; and give it a fill brighter Infre. In the cafe of white grounds, infléad of the tripoli, fine putty or whiting maft be wled; both which thould be wafhed over, to prevent. the danger of damaging the. work from any fand or other gritty matter, that may, happen to bécdme mixed with them. It*. is a great improvement of all kinds of japan work, to harden the varnith by .meahs! of heat; which, in every degree that it cah be applied fhocrt ‘of what would burn’ or calcine the matter, tends to give it a’bore firm and flrong texture. Where metals form thé body, there- are, a yery hot Rove may be uled, and the pieces of work, may be continued in it a confiderable time ; efpe- cially if the heat bé gradually increafed. But where wood is in queftion, heat mul be sparingly ufed ; as it would otherwife wa:p or fhrink the body, fo as to in jute tHe meneral fiettey cg aaa eo
(Of gilding japan work] All the methods of gilding, which are applicable to the otnamenting japan work, having heen before taneht under the atticle of gilding, it is needlefe to repeat them here. Uthall mévetoreidnly again obferve, that in gilding with gold fize’ (which is x 2
( 52, ) a'moft the only method now praétifed in japan work) where it is defired to. have the gold not to thine, or ap proach in the leaft towards the burnifhing flate, the tize fhould he ufed either with oj! of turpentine only, or with avery little fatoil, But whereagreaterluftre, andappear- ance of polith, are wanting, without the trouble of bur- nifhing, and the preparation neceflary for it, fat oil alone, or mixed with a little gold fize, fhould be ufed ; and the fame proportionable efie& will be produced from a mean proportion of them. __.
Of lagquering.} Laquering is the laying either co- loured or tranfparent warnifhes on metals, in orderto pro- duce the appearance of a different colour in the metal ; ov to preferve it from ruft and the injuries of the weather. Leaquering is therefore much of the fame nature with ja- panning, Both with regard to the principles and practice; . except that no opake colours, but tranfparent tinges alone, arcto be employed. The occafions on which la- quering is now in ni ufed, are three: where brafs is to be made to have the appearance of being gilt: where tin is wanted to have the refemblance of yellow metals: and where brafs or copper locks, nails, or other fuch matters, are to be defended from the corrofion of the air or moifture. There was indeed formerly another very frequent application of laquering ; which was co- louring frames of, pictures, &c. previoufly filvered, in erder to give them the effcét of gilding; but this is now greatly difufed. Thefe various intentions of baauering require different compofitions for the effetuating each. kind ; and as there is a multiplicity of ingredients which may be conducive to each purpofe, a proportionable number of recipes have been devifed, and introduced into practices efpecially for the laquering brafs work to imi- tate gilding 5 which is a confiderable obje& in this kind of art; and has been improved to the greateft degree of perfection. I fhall, however, only give one or two re- cipes for each ; as they are all which are neceflary ; the others being either made too complex by ingredients not cfential to the intention, or too coftly by the ufe of fuch as are expenfive; or inferior in goodnels, from the im-
\
| ta") _prop*t choice of proportion ofthe compdnentfubiances.’ Phe! principal body or matter of alli good ‘laquers ufed vat piefeint is feedttac 5) but, for coarfer ufes, refta’ or ture pentide Ts added 5 {iw ordér to make the laquér cheaper,’ thin if the feed tag which is 2 much dearer article, * bet nved-alode. Spitit‘of Wiue is'alfo confequently the fluid’ or phen futuin of which faders is formed; ‘asthe ethereal oils Will not diffolte thie feed-lac: “and it is’ proper that che {pitit (hould behighlyre&itied for'this purpofe. ~ As iv’ 18 feldom pfuticable, neverthelefs, to procure fuch {irits froin the fhéps, it will be found very advantageous to‘ufe thé method abbve given for dephlegmating it by -alaline falts’; but the ule of thé alum,: dire€ted in that prodcefS, matt ndt be forgotten on this occafion '; as the efeQ of the alkaline falt would otlierwife be the turning tie metal of 'a purplith, inflead of a golden colour, by laying on the laqner. ‘The following are excellent com- pofitions fof brafé work’ which is to refemble’gilding.— ‘Take of turmeric ground, as it may be had at the dry falters, one once, and of ‘faffron and Spanifh annatto each two drachmns, Put themiintoa proper bottle; with a pint of highly-reCtified {pirit of wine ; and place them in a moderate ‘heat, if convenient, ‘often fhaking them) for feveral days. “A very ftrong yellow tinGture will then be obtained ; which mutt be ftrained off from the dregs through a coarfe linen cloth: and then, being put back into the bottle, three ounces of good feed-lac powdered grofsly muft be added, and the mixture placed again in a moderate heat, and fhaken; till the feed-lac be diflolved; ot at leaft fuch part of it asmay. The laquer muft then be {trained as before ; and will be fit for-ufe ; but muk be kept ina bottle carefully flopt.” Where it is de- fired to have the laquer warmer or redder than this com- polition may ‘prove, the proportion of ‘the annato mutt be incréafed ; and where it is wanted cooler, or acarer a true yellow, it muft be diminifhed, The above, properly ‘managed, is an extreme good laquers; and of moderate ‘price ; but the following, which ts cheaper, and may be ~ made where theSpanifhannattocanot be procured good is not greatly inferior to it. “ Take a {turmeric roo
F3
54
ground one ounce, of the beft dragon’s blood half a drachm. Put them toa pint of {pirit of wine, and pro- ecedas with the above.” — By diminifhing the proportion of the dragon’s blood, the varnifh may be rendered of a sedder, ortruer yellow caft. Saffron is fometimes ufed to form the body of colour in this kind of Jaquer, in- fkead of the turmeric; but though it makes a warmer yellow, yet the dearnefs of it, and the advantage which turmeric has in forming a much flronger tinge in fpirit of wine, not only than the faffron, buc than any other vege- table matter hitherto known, gives itthe preference, ‘Tho’ being atrue yellow,and confequently not fufficiently warm to overcome the greenifh caft of brafs, it requires the ad- dition of fome orange coloured tinge to. make a perfect laquer for this purpofe. Atoes and gamboge are alfo fometimes ufed in laquers for brafs: but the aloes is not neceflary where turmeric or faffron are ufed4 and the gamboge, though a very ftrong milky yellow. in water, affords only a very weak tinge in {pirit of wines. The warnifh for tin may, be made as follows : ** Take of durmeric root one ounce, of dragon’s blood two drachms, and of [pirit of wine one pict.’ Proceed as in the former.”—This.may, like the former, have the red or yellow rendered more prevalent, by the increafing. or di- tminifhing the proportion of the dragon’s blood, Where a cgarfer or cheaper kind is wanted, the quantity of feed- lac may be abated ; and the deficiency thenee arifing fup- plied by the fame proportion of refin. ‘Vhe laquer for locks, nails, &c. where little ér no colour is defired, may either be feed-lac varnith alone, as prepared above, or _ witha Hetle dragon’s blood ; or a compound varnifh of equal parcs of feed-lac and-refin, with or without the * dragon’s bloods. ‘Phe. laquer for piéture frames, &c. where.the ground isfilver, and the appearance of giding isto be prodyeed, may be the compofitien before given, p- 28, for gilding leather :. the principle being exaGly thedame in this cafe and that. The manner of iayiag on the laqueris as follows +. Firf let the pieces: of wor
to be lequered, be made thoroughly clean; which, if they be new fouzded, muft be done by means of agua-
fortis. Being ready, they. muft be heated by a {mall charcoal fire in a proper veffel; “or any way that may be moft. convenient ; the degree mult‘not be greater’ than will admit of their being taken hold of without ate the hand. ‘I'he laquer muft then be Jaid on by a pro
bruth in the manner of other vatnifhes ; ‘and the Leon immediately fet again in the fame warm fituation.: / fter the laquer is thoroughly dry and firm, the fame’ opera- tion mult be renewed again for four or fivé times, or till the work appear of the colour’and brighthefs intended. For very fine work, fome ufea lefs proportion of feed- lag; which’ occafions tle laquer’to lie evener on the me-" ial: but, inthis cafe, a greater number of coats are ré- quired ; which multiplies the proportion of laboar 5
though, where the price of the work will allow for fuch additional trouble, it will be’ the more perfed for it., The laquering tin may be. erfotmed in the fame manner, as is here dire&ted for brafs : but being for coarfer pur- poles, lef nicety is obfetved ; and fewer coats (or per- haps one only) are' made to fuffice’; as the laquer is com- pounded very red, that the tinge may have the ftronger effet. Locks, nails, &¢. where laquer is only ufed in a defenfive view, to keep them from Corroding, and not for the improvement of the colour, may be treated in the fame manner: but ore or two coats are generally thought fufficient. ‘Though where any regard is had to the wear, the coats of laquer or varnith fhould always he of a due thicknefs, when they dre to be expofed 10 the airs otherwife, the firit moi weather makes them chill, and look grey and milly, in fach manaer, that they are father, injurious than beneficial to the work they are laid upon, ~The laquering picture frames, &d. where the ground is leaf filver, may be performed ‘in the fame manner as was before dire@ted in the cafe of gilding lea- ther ; the circumftances being nearly the fame, éxcept with relation to the texture of the fubje@5 to fuit which, the different manner of treatment may be eafily adapted.
be the fame.
Of faining weod ysllew.) Take any white weod, and
a prope
ut the laquer, as was before obferved, may
=
fy ae Sees DISS AO TM ST SOR AP aig: Lathe n\ bruh it over Leveral times,with the tindlure of turmeric "opts made Py putting ap qunce of the turmeric ground to paver faa pins of (pres ahd, after they Nave odd lout bé de ire to.have a redder, call, -a little dragon's Mlgod mal bs added inthe proportiog that wil produce’ biel Ste regu a A cheaper but lels ftrong’ and RB USO. may be gives ove p ; <1 h th ic
be warm, when the aguafartisis laid.on 5 and beheld to the fice immediately afterwards ; and care muft be taken, that either the aguafortis Ey not too ftrong, or that it be {partogly ufed ; otherwi ¢,a brown, fometimes even a tacsith colour, may be the relult. In order to render any of thefe ftains more beautiful and durable, the wood fhould be bruthed over after it is coloured ; and then var- ithed by the feed lac varnifh; or when defired to be very rong, ahd to take a high polifh, with three or four coats of Palla ea os ices Slay si abla ck Uf flaining wood red. },. For a. bright red ftain for wood, make a ftrong infufion of Brafil in (tale urine, or water impregnated with pearl afhes, inthe proportion of _ da.ounce toa gallon; toa gallon of either of which, the Proportion of Brafil wood mult be a pound: which being put to them, they mult {tand together two or three days, often flirring the mixture. With this infufion flrained, — and ade boiling hot, bruh over the wood to be ftained, till it appear ftrongly coloured ; then, while yet wet, brufh itover with alum-water made in the proportion of two ounces of alum to a quart of water. . For a lefa tight red, diffolve an ounce of dragon’s blood in a pint of {pirit of wine, and. brufh over the wood with the
57
ingture, till the flain appear to be as ftrong as is defired. Buc this is, in fact, ratherlaquering than fteining. For a pink or rofe red, add to a gallon of the above infufion of Brafil wood two additional ounces of the pearl afhes, and ufe it as was before direéted : but it is neceflary, in this cafe, to brufh the wood. over often with the alum~- water. By increafing the proportion of pearl-athes, the red may be rendered yet. paler; but it is proper, when mote than this quantity is,added, to make) the alum- water ftronger. Thefe reds, when it is neceflary, may be varnifhed as the yellows. . OF died Teton) :
Of flaining nvood blue} Wood may be itained blue, by means either of copper or, indigo: but the firft will afford a brighter colour ; and is more generally practica- ble than the latter. Becaufe the indigo can be afed only. in that ftate to which it is brought by the manner of pre- paration ufed by the dyers: of whom indeed it muft.be had, as.it cannot be properly fo.prepared but in large quantities, and with a particular apparatus.” he! me- thod of flaining blue with the copper, id, therefore as follows :———-** Take a folution of copper; and-brath it, - while hot, feveral times over the.wood.. Then make a folution of pearl-afhes, in, the proportion of two ounces. to a pint of water; and bruth it hot over.the wood, {tained with the folution of ‘copper, till. it be,of a)per- fecily. blue colour,” ... Wood ftained green as above. by, verdigrife, may likewife be made blue, by ufing the fo, Jution of the pearl afhes inothe fame manner... When indigo is ufed for ftaining wood blue, it mult beymanaged thus :-—-* Take indigo prepared with .foap lees as when uled by the dyers;.and ,brufh.the wodd with it boiling hot. Prepare, then a folution of white tartar, or, cream of tartar, which, is, to -be made,, by boiling three ounces of the tartar, or.cream, in a quart of wa- ter :, and with this folation, ufed copionfy, bruth over the wood before the moifluxe of the tin€ture. of jindi be quite dried out of ity?’——-Thefe blues, mutt. . brufhed and varnifhed as the eds, where there is oc¢afion.
Of faining wood of: mahogany. colour.| . Mahogany colour is the moft, ufeful ‘of, any Gain for wood efpeci-
| Cr ally: fince thé veheering with ‘different colours is out of fathion) as it is much praétifed at prefent for chairs dnd other furiituré made ii imitation of mehora- ny; which, when well managed, may bé brought
sortion’ Of each” dP Which’ jagtedients, the ‘brawn ain tay be varied’ td'h mur ted’ oF ¥alor” eaft’ at
already folie tinge of brown, than’ ipon’ white. “For rie dérk ntthaiget , ; as‘ above; except’ tht exchatiging tlie fultic: for’ two
Soak Meee. Bon rctshe, WY gy ts al Wort + ps eS tiie FA Kod 12 head Oh HILefiMCULALe COIOUTS inay US auc, bF imine thers ins
Of venta’ afd fecd tad ui becdatyo well “ribbed “oe
59 the hot folution, jb rufa oyer 2 wood. till it be duly tained. This may be brufhed and varnifhed, as, the above,
Of. fraining wood purples}, Bruh the wood to be Rained feveral times with a ftrong decoction , of, logwood and Brafil, made in the copes 99 of gone pound of Hg logwood anda quarter of a pound | of the Brafi, . to. a vallon of water; and boiled for an hour or more, When the wood has beea bruthed over there will be a fufficient. body of colour, let it dry; and then be flightly paffed over by a folation of one drachm of pearl-afhesin a quart of water. This folution muft be carefully ufed, as it will gradually change, the colour © from a brown red, which it will be originally found to be, to adark blue purple ; and therefore its eflea muft be reftrained to. the due point for producing the colony defired,. “Phis may be varnifhed as the teft:.
Of Raining wed black.] Bruth the woad feveral Limes with the hot decoGiou of logwood made as above ; but without the Brafil, ‘Chen having prepared au in- fufion of galls, by putting a quarter of « pound of powdered, galls to two quarts of water, and fetting them in the fuofhine, or any, other gentle heat, for three or four days, bruth the wood three or four'times over with its and then pafs over it again, while, yet. wet, with a folution, of /REEED, vitriol in water, in the Prapamian of two ounces to. quart. The above is the
chert i a but a.very diee black may. be predu- ced, ruth ung, the wood | feveral times oven with, a iffea = oh Sopper in gle and. afterwards: wi the. decott at oF BEND , which mul Ls repeated the colaur b eof a fiers force 3, andthe, Has produc:d by the folutidn of the copper, wholly over, Bie git blacks may be varnifhed as the colours. re the ftains are defi: a to be eer trang, ai 19 age ‘of wood a to | . ufed wenecting’, It tet Ep neceflary, t ould i dey and riot bo to “render et the more praGicable, the wood inay be previoufly flit or fawed into pieces of 3, Paper thickag!s for inlayings. Iti is to be wnderilogd
60
alfo, that when the wood is above ordered to be bruthed feveral times over with the tinging fubflances, it fhould be fuffered to dry betwixt each time. . alge
‘ Of flaining ivory, bone, or horn, yellow.} Boil them firft in a folution of alum, in the proportion of one pound to two quarts of water: and then prepare a tin€ture of the French berries, by boiling half a pound of the berries, pounded, in a gallon of water with a quarter of a pound of pearl-afhes. After this tincture has boiled about an hour, put the ivory, &c. ptevioufly boiled in the alum water, into it; and let them remain there half an hour. - If turmeric root be ufed infead of the French berries, a brighter yellow may be obtained ; bat the ivory, &c. muft in that cafe be again dipped ‘in alum-water after it is taken out of the tin@ure; otherwife an orange colour, nota yellow, will be produced from the effet of the pearl-athes on the turmeric.
Of ftaining ivory, bone and horn, green. ] They muft be boiled'in a folution of verdigrife in vinegar ; or of copper in aguafortis, prepared as above direGted, (a veffel’ of glafs or earthen ware being employed for this purpofe) till they be of the colour defired. _
Of faining ivory, bone and horn, red. | Take ttrong lime’ water; prepared as for other purpofes; and the rafpings °of ‘Brafil wood, in the proportion of half a pound’ toa gallon, Let them boil for an hoor; and then put inthe ivory, &c. prépared by boiling in alum water in the manner above directed for the yellow ; and continue it there till it'be fuffitiently coloured. If it Le too crimfon, or verge towatds the purple, it may be rendered more foarlet; by dipping again in the alym water.: ete Si. ie yal oak ekaty Of Raining ivory, bone and born, bie. Stain the ivo- ry, &c. fir! green, according to the ‘manner above di- rected; and then dip it in a folution of pearl-athes made {trong and boiling hot ;*but it muft not be conti- nued longer, nor dipped ofteber than is neceflary to con- vert'the greén to blue.’ Lhe ivory, &c. may other- wife be boiled in the tin@ure of indigo prepared as by
( 61 the dyersi; and afterwards in the folution of tartar made as is directed forthe flaining wood..;3) =»!
OF fainingdwory, bone and.born, purple | Treat them inthe fame manner as: was direéted for ‘red; except that Jogwood: mufk-he:fubitituted’in the place of Bra- fil wood ; and the ufe wf the alum: wateromuft be omit- ted'wholly. Efoa redder parple be wanted; a-mixture of the logwood-and Brafil muft be employed, inftead ‘of thelogwoadaléne, .The proportion may be ‘equal parts ;-or any lefsiproportion of the ‘Brafil, according ido thecolouridehredp i fii ok ali Ge Tare at “Of Paining horn to imitate tertoifefhell.} "The horn to be flained mut be firft preffed: into proper plates or feales,’or other flat.form.-. The following-mixture mult then be prepared=——* Take of quicklime two parts, and of lithargeiones and. temper them to'the confif- tence of ai foft pale with foap lye”’——+ Put this patte over all the’ parts of the horn, except, fuch-as are pro- pert be lefutranfparent, inordertothe greater refem- blance of the tortoife-fhell The horn: mutt. then: re- main thus covered with the pafte till it be thoroughly dry’: when the: pafte:being brafhed off, the horn will be
found: partly opakey. aud: partly tranfparent,, in’ the
smamaer of tontorfe thell ; and when puriovera foil, of the kind of latten called afidue, will benicarcely dvf- ‘thipuifhable from it. It requires fome degree of fancy, wud judgment, to difpote of the pate: in fuch a man-
‘mer, as to form a variety of tranfparent parts of dif,
“ferent magnitude and figure, to look like the: effect of nature} and it willbe an improvement to add femi tran- fpareat parts. «'Dhis may be done by mixing whiting
vawith fome of the patte to weaken its operation in par-.
o
ticular places ; by which fpots of areddifh brown will bei produced ;, that, if-properly interfperfed, pecially dnothe cdyes of the dark parts, willogreatly incveafe as
savellithe beauty of the worky as its fimilitade with the
sreéhwantoife thell, i: 2a
woe pain sory \bénevand horn, black} Proceed in thesome manase asiis above directed forsweood, : Sty fielusny papie er parchmeut,: yellow.) Paper may G
| (( nee.)
be flained yellow by the tingture of French berries); but a much more beanteful col ur may be obtained by ufing the. ‘tin@ure: wafivturmetic formed by infu- fing an. dunce drmore wf the root powdered in a pint of Spirit of wings »{flhis:may.be.made to give any teint of yellow) from the: lighveft flraw +0 the full colour, ealled French yellow ; and will be equal in brightnefs even to the belt dyed filks. 1H yellow be wanted of a iwarmerior ce caft, annatto, ordragon’s blood, mudt be added to the tin@ure. The bef’ manner of sufing thefe and the Yallowing tinGtures, is to fpread them even oni the’ \paperor parchment ;by means of 1a broad brufh in the manner of varnifhing. | ei
Of flaining paper \or' parchment, red.] Paper or parchment, may be flained red, ty treating it in the fame. manner as is diregted for wood, p. 563 or by red ink, It may alfo be ftained of a {carlet hue by the tine- ture of dragon’si blood in fpirit‘of wine: but this’ wall not be bright. «A \very:fine ctimfon ftain may bergiven to paper, by a tin@ture of the Indian lake, which may be made, by infufing'the lake fome days in fpirit of wine; and then pouring off the tinéture ftom the dregs.
Of flaining paper or parchment, green.) YPaper or parchment, may be flained green’, by the folution of verdigrefe in vinegar; or by tie cryttals of verdigrife diflolved in water. As alfo by the folution of copper in aguafortis made by adding filings of copper gradually to the aguafortis till no ebullition enfues ¢ or dpiritvof falt niay be-ufed in the place of the aquafortis.
Of fiaining paper or parchment, blue] A blue co- our may be given to paper or parchment, by {taining it green hy any af the ahave-mettioned methods: and treating it afterwards as is directed for the flaining wood blue, .by the fame means, or by: indigo, in the man- ner therg, explained likewife. ;
Of Raining paper or parchment, crange.| Stain the paper or parchment, firft of a full yellow, by means of the tin@ure of turmeric, as above direQed. Then bruth it over with. a folution of fixed alkaline falt, made by diffolving half an ounce of pearl afhee, or falt of tartar, in a quart of water, and filtering the folution,
(93)
Of fiaining paper‘on. panchment purpile.\,: Paper or parchment, may be:fidined:- purple byvarchaks’ sor by the: tinGure of logwood, according to the. method: above directed for tlaining weod-), The juice of ripe privet berries exprefled, will likewife give a bata ne to) Be per om parchment.
Of fratning alabafter, heidi ne? cchensplosraes oat rious colours.) Alabatker, rhurble, and: other: tdnes, may be ftained of a yellow, red, greeny blie, purple, black, or’ any of the compound, colours, bythe’ means:
above given for tainieg wood. » But it is» better, when a Arong tinge ig wanted, to pour thectingture, if made’ in wader, boiling bot,dn the alabatler, | &c.: fpreading it equallyvon every. patt,.then to bruflit over only:;: - though that may. be fufficient where a, fighter. dye with © fuffices When tin@uresin fpinit of wine are ufed,. they: muft! not be heateds as thefpiritowauldevaporate, and leave the tinging gums in’ ancundiffolyed fate... Where. ftones are not perfectly white, but: pabtake of brown= nefs orgreynefs, the colour piodaced bythe tmges will be properttonably wanting! tv brightnefe,; _ Becaufe the natural colour of the ttone isnot! hid or eddered! ‘by thefe tinge ; ; but combincawith: them » and,: for: the fame reafon, if the tone bei of any of: the pure: eglours,: the refult will be a ‘dicate ota {uch colour and) we of the tinge.
Of the metood of srhinidoei ance lopi bp marbled paper } Thereare feveral kinds of marbled papers; but the prin=' cipal difference of themes, in the formsim whith’ the colours are laid on the grdund :. fome being! difpofed! in whirles or, ciréumvolattons; fomd in) waving ‘jagged lengths; aud others’ only ta {pots ofa roundifh ot oval - fugure: Vhe general mannernof managing each kindii ‘By neverthelefs, thie faine ; being: the dipping: the paperin’ a folution. of gem dragacanth (ory ag iv’ is éommonty called, gum dragon); over which the: ‘roloure,: /previ- ouily prepared with ox-gall and {pirit’ ‘of: Winds 'are firit: {pread. ‘Fhe :peculiar apparatus neceflary fir-this’ par- pofeis, a trough for contathing the! gum dragacanth and the colours); a comb or quill for difpofiee: thena in
G2
64 the figure nfually chofen; and, a burnifhing fone for polifhing: the paper. The trough!may be of any: kind of wood: and muft be fomewhatlarger'thah the fheers: of paper, for’ marbling which St is to be employedhs but the fides of it need only rife about two inchesabove tine’ bottom: for, by making it thus fhallow, a leis quin- tity of the folution of the gum willferve'to fill it). “Phe comb may be alfoiof wood, andifive'inches in lengths but fhould Rave brafs teeth, which may be: about iwo inches long, and placed at about a quarter ofan. ice! diftance:from each: otlier. ‘Fhe burnifhing ftone «may be of jafper, ‘br ‘agate: but ae thofe ftones are very dear, when of fufficient largenefs,’ marble or glafs may be ufed, provided their furface be polifhed to:a’ great - degree of fmoothnefs.. Thefe implements being pre- pared, the folution: of gum: dragacanth muft be made, by ‘putting a fuflicient propottion of the gumj which fhould be white, and clear from all foulncffes, into clean water ; and letting it remain there a day or two; frequently’ breaking the lumps and ftirring it, till the whole fhall. appear’ diffolved, and equally mixed with the water.» The confiftence of the folution fhould. be nearly that of {trong gum water, ufed in miniature. painting : -and, if it appear thicker, water mut be ad- ded; or, ifthinner, more of the gum. When the fo- Jution is thus brought to a due ftate, it muft be paffed through a linen cloth,and being thenputinto the trough, it will be ready to receive the colours. . The coloursem- ployed for red are carmine, lake, rofe:pink, vermilliow and red-lead.: but the two laft are too hard and glariniry unlefs they be mixed with rofe pink, or lake, to bring them to a fofter caft; and with refpect to the carmine and lake, they are too dear for common purpofes ;— for’ blue, Pruffian blue and verditer, may be ufed :—for yéllow, Dutch pink and yellow ochre, may be em- ployed :—for green, verdigrife, a mixture of Dutch pink and Pruffian blue, or verditer, in different propor- tions :——for orange, the orange lake, ora mixture of vermillion, or red-lead, with Dutch pink :—for purple, rofe-pink -&nd Pruffian blue. Thefe feveral colours
(C65
fhould be! ground’ with fpirit of wine, + till they'be of a proper finenefs.; and thew at the ume of ufing them, a’ little: ith gall, or,in) default of-it} the gall “of a beatt’ fhoild' be added, by grinding them over again ‘with it. The proper proportion of the gall muft be found by trying. them ; for there mutt be juft fo mach as will fuf- fer the {pots ‘of ‘colour, ‘when fprinkled on the folation of the gum dragaéanth, to join together, without inter- mixing or runoing five each others “When every thing is thus prepared, the fohwtion of the’ gum dragacanth muft be'poured into the trough ; ahd the colours, being in a féparate pot, with a pencil’ ‘appropriated to each, muft be {prinkled on the forface of the folution, by eyo the pencil, charged with its proper colour, ‘over’
: and this mult be! done with ithe’ feveral kinds of co- fk defired, till the furface be wholly covered. Where the marbling is proj rofed to be in {pots of a fimpleform, nothing moré is weteifiry : bpt where the whirles: or fnail hell figures are waated, they muft be made by means of a goofe quill ;: which muft be put argong the fpots to turn them about, till the effect be’ produced: The waving jagged lengths mutt be made’by means of. the comb above delerived, which muah ve paffed through the’ colours' from one ed of the -trough to the: ‘other’; ; and will give them that appearande.’ But if they be defired to be poitited both ways;'the comb muft be agaia paffed through the trough in a contrary direétion; or if fome of the whirles or {nail -fhelf figures be feiyuired to-be added, they may be yet made'by the means be- fore directed. ‘The paper fhould, be previoufly. pre- pared for receivin.: the colon s, by dippiag i it over night in’ water 5 and’ laying the fheets on each. other, witha weightiover them, in the cafe of paper to’ be imprinted by copper plates. ‘Phe whole being thas ready, the paper’ muit be held «by two'corners, and laid in the molt gentle and even ‘mantier’ on the folution’ covered with the colours and therefoftly pretfed with the handy that it may beat every where on the folution. After which, it mull be raifed and’ taken off with the fame care and then'hans to dry acrofs a proper cord, fufe
@ 3
66
pended near at hand for that purpofe: and in that flate it mu continue, till it be perfetly dry. It then re- mains only to give the paper a proper polifh ; in order to which it is firfl rubbed with a little foap ; and then mult be thoroughly fmoothed by the glafs polifhers, fuch as are ufed for linen, and called the calender glaffes. After which it fhould be again rubbed by a burnifher of jafpey.or agate, or, in default of them, of glafs ground to the higheft polifh : for on the perfe& polith of the paper depends in a great degree its beauty and value. Gold or filver powders may be ufed, where de-. fired, along with the colours; and require only the fame treatment as them: except that they mutt be firit tempered with gum water.
The original recipe for the making Pruffian luc, as publifhed by Dr. Woedward.] ‘* Take any quantity of blood, and evaporate it to drynefs; continuing the heat till it becomes black; but avoiding the burning any part of it to afhes. Powder the dry matter, and. mix it thoroughly with an equal weight of pearl. afhes ; and calcine the mixture in an iron pot or crucible, on which a cover is put. The calcination mutt be conti- nued fo long as the matter emits any flame; the fire being raifed to a confiderable degree of heat at the,end of the operation; and the matter muft be then pow- dered ; and put, while yet hot, into twelve times its weight of water; which muit be again fet on the fire to boil for the fpace of three quarters of an hours or more. The fluid muft then, be filtered off through.a thin flannel bag, from the part remaining undiffolved : through which remaining part freth water fhould. be neBed. before it be sakca cutiot sng aemog bagy to traét as much. as. poffible of the folution: and the water thus pafled through fhould be added to the quan« tity before filtered: after which, what is retained. in the bag may. be thrown away. Inthe mean time a fo- lution fhould be made of alum, and copperas calcined to whitenefg, in the proportion of two pounds of the alum, and two ounces of the calcined vitriol, to, each pound of the pearl athes ufed with the blood, which fo-
(\ 67 Jution muft be made by boiling the alum and copperas in five times their weight of water, and then filtering them through flannel or paper, where great nicety is required, . When the folution of the alum and copperas is thus prepared; it muft be added to the lJixivium fil- tered off from the calcined blood and pearl-afhes ; from, which mixture, the precipitation of a’ blackifh green matter will foon enfue, . After the precipitated matter has fubfided to the bottom of the veffel, and the fluid appears clear over it, feparate it from the green fedi- ment, firft by pouring off all that will run clear out of the veflel, and afterwards by flraining off the remainder; and then put the green matter again into a veflel, that will contain as much fluid as it was before mixed with. Add fpirit of falt to it afterwards, in the proportion of {ix ounces to every pound of the pearl-afhes ufed ; and the green matter will then foon appear to be ‘converted into a beautiful blue. Water muft then be added, to wath off the {pirit. of falt ; which muft be renewed fe- veral times, till it come off perfeétly fweet ; and the laft quantity muft then be ftrained off; and the blue fediment dried/in lumps of a moderate fize. The pro- duce will-be about three ounces for every pound of the pearl-athes employed.” ——- If the produce be defired to be made cither of a lighter or darker hue, it may be done by increafing the proportion of the pearl-afhes, tothe blood, to give.a lighter kind; or the fpirit of falt to the peart-afties, to give.a deeper kind: but the quantity willin the latter cafe he proportionably dimi- nithed, ‘Phe Krainipg: or filtering the lizivium throngh. flannel lischot fo) good. a, method as’ the doing it- thro’ Paper; sefpecially where the colour is) wanted of a very: greatibnightmefsand purity and she water, 1s beft fepa- rated fromathe preat dedimentfirt produced, and afrer- wards fromthe blue one, bv the fame means: but ine thefe cafesa fine linen @lothkmuch worn, , though whole, thoald be laid over thé paper, The colour, when,re- daced to a proper cdnilftence, may be: laidon chalk ones ti dry: aud a moderate Heat’ may be alfo: ufed ton greeter dhpedinion,) When required: 3 byt great care
(. 68° ))
fhould be taken not to burn:the matters ‘Thevcaloinas tion may be performed in‘a reverberatory furnace, »fwich: as ig ulvd by-the chemilts; or in the furnaees! wheve: metals are melted ; for the crucible or pot,” containing: the matter, may either be furrounded: by the coals, or'pla» ced’ over them, provided a fuffivient heat be given tority Bur where laegte quantities are’ to’ be caleined, : they: may be very cheaply and commodivufly managed inthe: potters or tlie tobaeco-pipe- makers furnaces 5 being!put: inte them: along with the earthen-ware and" pipes.
The Englifp Fifty:Pounds Premium Receipt: for either taking or défiroying Rati, or Mice, without Poifon): Theteis-ng better place of fecur’ ty to decoy thefd iver. min inte than-a large round ‘wire cage, made’ in form: of the common moufe traps,’ about tixteen inches wide, with feveral places: forventrance: thofe for receiving mice fhovld be mach fmaller, and fo fhould the» holes: they enter at. Ir will be neceflary, firlt, wo obferve: the places'they moft'frequent, and to difcover’the holes they make for’paffing and repaffing. The traps/are to be fet within:four or five yards of thefe holes, and’ from whivh, quite to thofe traps, the floor is to be rubbed (id a Araiz' line about four inches wide) witha piece of ftrony rich cheefe toafted,; on which a few-drops of: oil of Fannifeed has been dropped, and the trap fhould be-well subbed Hkewile. Baits for the traps are: tobe made
tiay : OfAtrong cheefe eight ounces; oatmeal the like quantity ; feven or eight drops of! oil of annifeed ; Indied berries one ounce; featherfew half an: ourtce 5 droppings of feet oil fufficient to make it up’ in-
toa paite: then form it into‘magy little balls,” and ©
this” will? Molt atiurediy decoy them: into the: vage, thosh’ me pedple were prefente L-advife. the'ufe of traps, otherwi
fe they would retite to their private |
’
Haunts; and’ expire, which’ ‘would prove’ very olfenfive
for fomieei me, todll inet ste rey in\warm) wea- ther dtl get OAD ih, Seth ake Plldaving af} tikaaoif ty: a Candidate for ‘the! Fifty pba Proniam Probe an earthen veflel, well shnth fy tue PAgce; neartwo fect high, and full one broad
fill it.to the middle with water, and hang 4 very {doth - board to the top by two.ltrong, pins, and fo even that the leaft weight will trip it up ow either fide ; this board is to be well daubed over with the greafy compofition — before mentioned, (only he leaves out the featherfew) which entices the vermin on the board, and that flides them into the water, from wheace there is no efcaping. Difcovery of the true reafon of burning fulphur in hogy heads for preferving wine, by a new and curious expert- yient.| If two or three drops of the oil of tartar are poured into half a glafs of very fine red wine, the wine will lofe its red colour, anid become opaque and -yellowifh, 1s turned and pricked wine ; but if two or three drops of the fpirit of fulphur, which is a very ftrong acid, 'are afterwards poured into the glafs, the fame wine will en- — ‘irely refume its beautiful red colour 5 whence the rea- fon iv eafily perceived, why fulphur is burntin hogfheads in order to preferve wine, fince it is not the inflammable nart of fulphnr'that canfes this effeét, but its acid fpirit, chat enters and permeates the wood of the veflel. : The manner of filvering Locking-glaffes, as done in Condom cand. Birmingham.) Firk fpread.a paper on an -ven board or ftone (a: ftone is) beft) on that f{prinkle., 2: licele fine chalk, .over which lay the leaf of tins then | Jip a’ piece’ of cotvon: in! quickfilver, and. rub gently - overuthe tin-leaf (where ‘the glafs is, to: cover) till it» looks bright. You are now to pour on the quickfilver 13 long as it will lie. Lay flips of paper, three dou- . ple on each fide, to fuppott the glafs, and then gently. nove it forward, keeping your hand prefling on it, to. ‘arce out the fuperfluous quickfilver ; let it be removed | another flat board, or ftone, or lay-a weight on, it. on the fame, end in aday or two it will be dry... Note,’ ‘or large plate giaffes, a ferew anfwers much better han aweight laid ome yc 1) pO bee For Joftening Cryfial.] Tt mutt. be left fome time 1 the milk of a goat which has been made to feed luring forty fix days‘on ivy leaves. The ufe. of this. nilkchig heen :proved to be of fingular fervice to thofe -roubled with the gravel. EM ee eat
(. Fo):
The ufefal Alarn- Belt.) This is originally a Dutek' invention, and by ‘which a perfon may be enabled’ to's rife atany time of the night; or Know how tithe goes as,well as by a clock, or watch) by obferving the fol- lowing direétions. Dad pr sine geen eat itd aga
‘ia rhe Pas wae Bis TT OSX .
‘A is a final} chain inthe middle‘of a beam,:and' by. which ithangs.. B isa kind of a:beam, like thofe' be- lopging: to fcaless ‘Cia vefleb made: of. either glafs or tin, in'the form defcribed,. which: is tobe: filled~ with fine dry fand, the quantity to'be more or lefs, accord. ing to' the time you would rife» the veffel C isto have a fipall*hole at the; bottom, as in an hour. glafs, thro? | which the fand ig: to! pafs,. D is along at the oppofite ~ end of the beom’B.) When the: veffel C is empty, the bell D'is:to be avery little! heavier than: C, by which means, ‘after’ the: fand. isc all: difcharged, the bell D> becoming “more weighty than C, the ballance inftantly: falls on that’fide, and the bei! continues ringing for fome time, and by which noife the perfon’ iscallediat the time vequired, |The way to proporti- on the fand to the time is'tlvus: Suppofe a perfon re- qtired'to be called ia*four hours after going to reft: if, on‘ trial, half a pound. of: fand ‘wilh run four hours, : then that isto be the quantity; if im fix hours, then:
a Sa | 42, ounces are.to be put into the veffel ; if in eight hours, one pound, and fo in proportion to the time it isto run.
| far Softening Ivory and Bones. Take Tage, boil it
in ftrong..vinegar, » ftrain the . deco@ion through a piece of. clofe cloth ; and, when you have a mind to ‘foften bones or ivory, feep them ‘in this liquor, and the longer they remain.in it, the fofter they will grow.
Another preparation, for Softening bones.|, Take ro- man,-vitriol and.common falt, of each one pound ;
, bruife and reduce them into an impalpable powder 5 put them. jinto an alembic: the diililed water will -have’ the vattue of foftening bones; and, to fucceéd therein, they netd.oaly, be lett to fleep in it for half aday.
» For foftening glafi.]. Take the blood of a he-goat and adack, fome dregs of oil and vinegars mix thefe things together, and-put them into a yarnifhed earthen pots let the whole be warmed a Jittle, and afterwards, having put fome glafs in, Jet it there remain til it be- comes foft, - ea eed ee ok Se Ny ye
A ready way for, melting iron.) ‘Take fulphur,.
mix it with a Jitile falt, and dilute rhe mixtyre with a child’s! wrive, till it bécomes white: befmear the iron with it, aad you will fooa fee it liquefy. .As to the. more, compact avd harder metals, fire alone can. make
them liquefy. Be Sie fe Ae
The virtues, of Succinum.} Mizaldns fays, that fall- ened about the neck, it radically and furprilingly cures the fittula lachrymalis and forenefs of the eyes. A wo- maa of Copenhagen, being tormented with a continu- al pain of the head, was.adviled to wear an amber neck- lace, wherevpon the pain foon vanifhed. This induced her to leave it off but feldom, and only when fhe was apprehtniive it caufed too great a drynefs, by dif- fipating too great a quantity of ber humours, . This ob- fervation is fupported, by that of Cafpard Scholler, a magiftrate of the faove ey, who is layith of his com- mendations of fuccinum, Laving hiwllf found very good efe&s by it. UPR
A remarkable circumpince concerning ale; swith an un- erring method of brewing mali liquor, that will foon be fine and fit far drinking 3 and far more palatable and
Nya). awhplefeme ihan what is procured front the too commen erroneous way many brewers follow.) Whoever brews and expects to hayé either good'ale or ‘beer, Will b fure to be difappointed, if caré is not taken to provid ; good malt and hops ; tior is the water made‘tife’of { very immaterial an article‘as {ome imagine, “for ‘a’ grea deal depends upon it. What Ihave above’ advaneed. may very likely be credited by many ; ‘but when I come to tellthem, there is more malt liquor {poiled’ by’ higt boiling, than by all mifmanagertients put together, it i eafy to, perceive I {hall have mary obftinate: infatuatec people to encounter’ with, who very: fimply’ imagine that ale or beer, cannot poffibly be bad which has hac a four hours boiling. Tt is well known there’aré many parts of England remarkable for fine malt liquors j anc 1 as well know, that not one/of the counties that have ~ excelled in either ale or beet, “ever boiled above half ‘ar hour at mof. Thereis,- indeed, a townin Detonfhire that is faid to have conttantly good ale. I am well ac. quainted with it; Bariftablé, no doubt, has a ftrong glutinous ale, that pleafes many people ; and thole whc brew, Idare fay, moft feandaloufly boil it, at leaft four hours. But what is the confequence ? Why ‘there: is fcarce a houfe in that place but affords a pair or tworot crutches, and unhappy cripples to make \ufe of them, ‘I muft own people int England have not followed this pernicious cuttom fo much of late years. They find they are gainers by their reformation ; and many have owned, they never had fuch valuable ale or beer, us fince they left off the old miflaken way of boiling for three or four hours, and acknowledge they have reduced it to lefe than a qnarter of that time. There are others again, who declare, to'their cuftomers, that they a@tu- ally boil four hours: when in faét, a quarter sof ‘an hour is the moft they have'boiled for five or fix ‘years paft. TI believe this reformation is chiefly oWing™ to fome treatifes publifhed concerning brewing. m.which the pernicious cosfequence of high boiling 13 fufficien:- ly difplayed and exploded. Twill beg leave o give an inflancé of ‘the bad confequences of lou beilings thay
, C98 5) will be fufficient.to fatisfy any perfun who prattifes its of their error. A gentleman of .my acquaintance, im Chefter, often complained to me, that he bought the bet of malt and hops ; that they had fine water from the river Dee, and:he had it con‘tantly boiled full four hours; and yet notwithitanding all this, he could not have either good ale or beer, His lady too joined in the complaint, and faid, it would be a great’ farisfacti- on if aremedy could:befound, as many of the geatle- men who vifited there preferred a glafs of fine beer to any liquor whatever. I then told him, if he would have abrewing after my direftion, I would be anfwer- able; that it would prove fatisfactory. Accordingly good malt and hops were provided, and the water was fetched from the river Dee, as ufual. I muft own it was with the utmoft difficulty I: prevailed on the man who brewed to boil it fo fhort'a time, who protefted it would be good for nothing. However, Tat length prevailed, aud he proceeded:in the following manner :. the quan- tityof liquor was fixty gallons; and to put the thing quite out of difpute, and to prove that boiling long was erroneous, the firft twenty gallons were boiled twenty fix minutes; the fecond twenty gallons one hour anda quarter: and the third and Jatt twenty. gallons full two hours. In about .a month, the three cafks were examined: that-which was boiled twenty-fix mi- nutes, proved extremely fine and well tafted, and gave a general fatisfaction. But the cafk which contained the liquor of the fecond boiling, was very far from be- ing either fo fine or pleafant. And the third cafk which contained the laft and long boiled liquor, proved very foul, and quite difagreeable in many other refpeés, Now as there was no difference in the management of the fixty gallons of ale Ihave been fpeaking of, boil- ing only excepted, how will the advocates for long boiling malt liquors account for this: the fame-malt, hops and water, tunned at the fame time, and in cafks of the fame fize, and placed in the fame good cellar. I have to add to this account, that at the two months end, the fecond boiling am foul and ill tated, and was”
~
Cee ( 294°) : made ‘fine with great difficulty.. The laf boiling was very foul and bad»; at the'end of fix months it was cloudy, ropy, and ill tafled ; fome attempts were made -in/vain, to fine it; but at about ten months old, it was
far worfe. The gentleman, who, indeed, was too fond of long boiling, for many years before, as it had been often infinuated to him, that drink conld not be boiled too much, was greatly pleafed to find the firft caf prove fo exceeding good, with little boiling ; he then gave orders’ to the man who brewed for him, never for the future, to boil his liquor above twenty mi- nutes, which direétions were ftriétly obferved ; and it is
Now as uncommon to find any malt liquor that is bad
in bis cellars, as it was before to have any that was -good. ITwould fain know what it is boiled for the
length of four hours ? Some tell you, ’tis to get the goodnefs out of the hops. To which I anfwer, it is a fad. thing fo many thonfand gallons of malt liquor thould be Spoiled every year, only to get goodnefs (as they are pleafed to call it) out of the hops, when ima- ny other means’ might. be ufed to do it in a few mi- nutes. In one word, the long boiling malt-liquor has many bad properties attending it, without having: any thing in its favour: for it renders fuch ale too gummy and fray to be wholefome, and is the ¢aufe of many be- coming erippies, who make a too frequent ufe of thofe pernicious long boiled liquors: for the blood, by this means, becomes too glutinous to pafs the fine blood vef- fels : hence arife thofe various dilorders! thofe pains ! thofe aches! that render the unbappy’ cripples ret on- ly a fatigue to themfelves, but introduce diforders that are felt by future generations. Nor does the mif-
chief flop here (though L muit own thiads the moft me-
lanchély part of it): for whenever fuch ale or beer proves foul, which is too commonly the cafe, it is with great doheulry made fine, and fit for drinking. In fhort, tho'e who onee, experience the great advantage that will retult frone boiling their liquor not longer than twenty-five or thirty minutes, will be fure to have this fatistadtion, that their ale willbe much better, plea-
fanter, and more wholefome, than thofe that are long boiled ; by which they will not only preferve the health of thofe.who drink it, but alfa have more liquor from the fame quantity of malt ; which very likely may be ’a means of prevailing, as intereft is in the cafe, more than@any other arguments, It is to be remarked. that all liquor fhould be boiled as aimbly as poflible (fo as - not to make it run out of the boiler) and alfo that the long Rupid way of boiling for the goodnefs of the hop, is of the utmoft-_prejudice ; for its fine favour will be foon extra@ed: what comes after, by length of flew- ing, is only an earthy, heavy, pernicious quality, that will be fure to render the ale difegreeable, and. prove prejudicial to thofe who driuk it. Vhus much, | have prefumed to fay, in order to prevent the pernicions cufl- tom, that has too long prevatled: perfons. of. reafon will very likely try the experiment : ’tis‘on thofe I rely and on whom it will chiefly. depend to decide, which method is beft to. purfue, that guided by reafon, long experience, and the refult of many years,-practice ;. or the method obftinately purfued by unreafonable bigots, and a fet of infatuated old women. ay The benefits arifing from drinking Tar-water.| Tar- water has been lately recommended to the world as a certain, fafe, and almoft infallible medicine in almoft all difeafes; aflow, yet effectual alterative in cachexies, four- vies, chlorotic, hyfterical, hypochondrical, and otherchro- nicalcomplaints: anda fudden remedy in acute diltempers which demand immediate retief, as pleurifics, peripneumo- nies, the fmall pox, and all kindsof fevers in general: yet, though it may fall fhort, in fome cafes, of the charac- ter given it 3 it is, doubtlefs,.in a multitude of cafes, - of great utility: it fenfibly raifes the pulfe, and occal-. ons fome confiderable evacuations, generally by perfpt- ration, or urine, though fometimes by fiool or vomit + hence it is fuppefed to aé by, increafing the vis vita,, and erabling nature ‘to expel the morbific humours. We fhall here infert, from the-firtt public recommen- der of this. liquor ( Bifhop Berkeley) fome obfervations onthe manner of uling it. Tar-water, when right, is
H 2
76
mot paler than French, nor deeper coloured than Spa- nifh white wine, and full as clear: if there be nota {pirit very fenfibly perceived in drinking, you may con- clude the tar-water is not good. It may be drank ei- ther cold or warm ; in cholicks, 1 take it to be bet warin. “A‘s to the quantity in common chronical difpo- fitions, a pint a day may be fufficient, taken on an empty ftomach, at two, or four times, to wit, night and morning, and about two hours after dinner and breakfafl’: more may be taken by ftrong ftomachs. But thofe who labour under great and inveterate maladics, muft diink a greater quantity s at leaft a quart every twenty four hours ; all of this clafs muft have much pa- tience and pe:feverance in the ufe of this, as well as of all other medicines, which, though fure, muft yet, in the nature of things, be flow in the cure of inveterate chronical diforders. In acute cafes, fevers of all kinds, it muit be drank in bed warm, and in great quantity, (the fever ftill enabling the patient to drink) perhaps a pint every hour, which I have known to work farpri- fing cures. But it works fo quick and gives fuch fpi- rits, that the patients often think themfelves cured, be- fore the fever hath quite left them. _ Bifbop Bexnuny’s manner of preparing Tar-avater.] Tar, two pounds; water, one fallon. Stir them Rrongly togerher with a wooden rod: and after fand- ing to fettle for two days, pour off the water for ufe. It muft be acknowledged the tar water prepared after the ditceGions bere given, has done great fervice in the multitude of diforders, after many other medicines had been tried, to very little purpofe : particularly in the fmall-pox, fevers, feurvy, &c. though of the moft in- vererate kind. : 2
How totike of fuperfuous bair.| This is often adverti+ fed in the neéws-papers, and is fold at fohigh a price, that a perfon has acquived a fortune by ‘the fale of it; the preparation ie both eafy and cheap, being only quick-lime and ofpiment, made into a pafte with com mon river water; but thofe who ule this compofition,
a Be, eught to be cautious how they put it on the part, and not fuffer it to remain above a miaute or two.
To turn acid Gider into Vinegar.) Cream of tartar half a pound, boil it in a quart of {trong white -wine vinegar, and put it hot into twenty gallons of cider, which you are to fet in the fun a few days, and it will be excellent vinegar. The bung mutt be off.
To make Vinegar of Beer.] Boil a quart of fharp beer- vinegar about eight minutes ; take off the {cumy and pot therein two ounces of bay-falt, four of cream of tartar, and two of alum; then put it to twenty gal- lons of beer, and let it fland in the bot fun as the ci- | der is dire&ted. fis fos
The celebrated Bath Liquid for taking. out Spots, Stains, &c.] Put half a pound of foap boiler’s athes into three pints of river water; let it ftand four days (often ftirring it), then pour off the clear water, and mix it, as you ufe it, with. fuller’s earth, in which a few drops of fpirits of turpentine have been mixed : this you are to lay hot on the place, and it will furely take out either fpot or ftain, : BS pte )
To clean Fewels, Pearl, e.J ~There is nothing cleans any kind of jewels like fine [malt and emery mix- ed together.. Rubthem well witha fine foft bruth dip- ed inthe powder, Pearls are to. be wathed with a hrong Jee of burnt tartar, fees
To boil up Plate, to look like new.) Of unflacked lime and alum one pound each ; beer grounds two quarts: boil the plate in thefe about a quarter of an hour. y hah casi es cb A fafe and fure cure for an intermitting. Fever. ] Drink plentifully of warm lemonade-in the beginning of every fit, and in a few days the fever will ceafe, Or, take twenty grains of fal almoniac in a cap of tea, an hour or two before the fitcomes on. »
How to prevent the fmoaking of lamp oil,], Soak your mateh, or cotton, in vinegar, and dry it well be- fore you ufe it ; it will then burn both fweet and plea- fant, and give abundance of fatisfaQion -for the tri- fling trouble you have in i it,
is Oi ae
Py <a
' How to make Homberg’s black Phofphorus, which takes Fire immediately on being expsfed to the open air.) This article, which may be made ufefal.on fuadry occafi- ons, cither at home, or abroady is prepared’ with,alum and wheat flour (five parts of the former to one of the latter) ¢alcined together to a brownith, or black mals; which being powdered and fet in a pbial loofely ftop- ped, in a Tad heat, fo a8'to continue glowing for fome time 4 then removing the whole from the fire, and ful- fering it to cool gradually, and at lak topping the bot- tle clofe, it {hould be kept in a darkiand dry place, A little of this powder being expofid to the opes air, it at once takes fire, and appears like a glowing coals and it is remarkable, that it. may Be made of: eny, ani- wal or vegetable: fabRance, ainttead of wheat flour bat that alo fult can be fubfticuted inftead of alum. This is very weeeflary in a family, as it conflanutly affords Hight on any o¢cafion, day or night, when a tindes-box
is not to be had. PE iy Ahother ‘Phofp horus, by Wir. Honberg.) This is made of one part of fal ammoniac, and two parts of Jime, flacked im the air; mix thefe well together, and fill ‘a fmail crucible wich thein: fet dhiis in a fmal fire of fufion, and as foon as tlre crucible is red hot, the mixtire will melt, avd fvowkd be firred with am iron rod to prevent its ruoning over, When the matter) ta pufieely ‘fuled, poar it into abiafs meftar, aud, wheu told, at will appear of axrey eolour, and as) if vitri+ fied’; inewtr be’ Reack ajpon wih aay had bady, it uppeare a8 on fireia the whole extent of the flrokes but the nyatéer being brictle,. itvus proper, for the expe- rimenvsdake; to dip liotte barswf iron, or copper, in- tte ncked matrer ia the eruvible, for thas they will be enamelled -asit were with the imatter; and thefe bars be- ing (truck upon, will give the fame fire, and the esperi- metit may ‘be feveral times repeated before'all the matter f iis off. Tefe bare mult be kept ia adry: place, to prevent the iplofphorus upon them from runping, by the myifluie of thelair. Both thefe phofphori were dil qayered by ‘accident; ‘the rfl, in arching fore lim-
| Cae ge } pid oil from the common ftercoracious matter that. fhould fix-quickfilver ; and the fecord, by endeavouring to calcine fal ammoniac with lime, fo as to render it fufible like wax: which end was obtained, but not the other, ; ip Phofphorus, in phyfiology; is a denomination given to all bodies which fhine, and feem to burn, without having any degree of heat: and that thefe bodies owe their lucidity,to the motion of the parts, feems evident for the following reafoas, 1. Several phofphori are undoubtedly owing to putrefaction, as rotten wood, very ftale meat, efpecially veal, fome forts of hhh long . kept, as oyiters, lobfters, flounders, whitings, &¢. which, putrefa@tion is the effect of a flow and, gentle fermentation, or inteftine motion of the parts, 2, Mo phofphori. haye their light fo weak as to thine coly in the dark, which feems to argue a leffer degree of velocity inthe partsthan whatisneceflaryto produce heat; becaule this laft degree of velocity will caufe bodiesto thine in open day-light, 3, Some phofphoriare the partsof animated bo- divs, as the cicindela or glow-worm; butallthepartsof am auimal are undoubtedly in motion. 4. Other phol- pheri put on the appeatance of flame, as the ignis fa- tuus, the. writing of common phofphorus made from urine, flafhes cf lightning, &c, but all flame is no- thiag, but a kindled vapour, whofe parts are all in. mo- tivn, which may be too wexk to caule burning, or even a denfible; deg: ce of, heat. 5. Several, of thofe inno- centtlambent flames may have their matter fo agitated, or.the velocity of their motion fo increafed, as agtually to produce heaty and burn ¢ thus, the writing of phoi- phorusion. blue paper, fofficiently rubbed, will kindle into an ardent flamic, and burn the paper. 6. Phof- phoiifeem to havethe effential «nature of fire, beeanfe they are fo cally fuiceptible/of a burning , qvality from lire,: thus, common . phofphorus.is immediately kind- led into .a. moft ardent and inextinguifhable flame, by common fire, 7. By droking the back of a black horfe, or ¢aty lo the cark, we produce innumerable feintille, et lucid {parks ; in the fame magnser, the rubbing a
GE 80h) t piece of black cloth, which has hung inthe fun to diy» will caufe it to throw out the particles of Jight which it had imbibed from the fun ; whereds, a white piece of cloth, which refleéts molt of ‘the fun’s rays, emits no fuch lucid {parks in the dark. Many other reafons might be urged to fhow, that light of every kind is ow- ing to one and the fame catfe ina greater or leffer de- gree, vizi the velocity of the ‘parts of the lucid body. Phofphori in general fays Lemeri, may be confidered as fo many fpunges full of the matter of light, which is fo flightly retained therein, that a fmall external force is lufficient to put it in motion, and caufe it to exhale in a lucid form.) Thus the phofphori is made of human urine, and other‘chemico! preparations, re- ceive fo large a proportion of fire in their preparation, and retain it fo well in their unétuous fubitance, that it may be kept there in'water, for twenty years; fo as upon the’ tirtl laying them open to the air, they thall _ take fire, and’exhale in lucid flames. Not’that the fire is fuppofed to be fixed and ‘quiefcent all the while in the body of the phofphoruss forthat it has a real mo- tion all the time is evideiit hence, that it is feen in any dark place, in the fummer feafon, fulminating and emitting flames (though, with all this, it fcarce lofes aity thing-of the fire) fo that the fire is not fixed io the phofphorus, but ina continual undulatory’ motion. Chemitiry, fays Dr. Shaw, hath fcarce afforded any thing more furprifing’ than the common phofphorus. ‘Yo {éé letters traced with this matter become luminous ja the’ dark, images and the bodies of men to blaze _ with light; and abundatice of the like experiments, ‘performed’ by means of phofphorus, mutt awaken the euriolty of thofe who have {een thefe experiments, aud render them defirous of being acquainted with the me- thod ‘of preparing it.’ The preparation, even ‘to this day, is kept asa fecret in few hands, and the matter fold ata’ very great price. ——Wheace we apprehend it would-be no unacceptable prefent to the world, to ren- P der this “commodity cheaper, and difcover its further
‘utes, , : .
: Min daa The fuccefsful method of preparing the Phofpharies of wrine is this.) Evaporate any quantity of frefh vrine over a gentle fire, to a black and almoft dry fubftance ; then with two pounds thereof, thoroughly mix twice its weight of fine fand; put this mixture into’ a ftrong coated ftone long neck; and having poured a quart or two of clear water into a large receiver, join it to the long neck, and work it ina naked fire: let the heat be fmall for the firt two hours; then increafe it gradually to the utmoft violence; and continue this for three or four hours fucceffively: at the expiration of which time, there will pafs into the receiver alittle phlegth and volatile falt, much black and fetid oil, and, laftly, the matter of phofphorus, in form of white clouds, which either ftick to the fides of the receiver, like a fine yellow fkin, or fall to the bottom in form of fmail fand. Now let the fire go out, but let the “receiver continue till all be cold, left the phofphorus take fire on the admiffion of the air, To reduce thefe’ fmall Brains into one piece, put them into a bttle tin ingot- mould, with water; heat the ingot to make the grains melt together; then add cold water, till the matter is congealed into one folid ftick, like bees-wax 5: which being cut into {mall pieces, fit to-enter the mouth of 3a vial; may be preferved by water, and keeping the’ glafs clofe dtopped.. If the glafs weré not to ‘be flopped, the phofphorns would turn black on its furface, and at length be fpoiled. ‘he cautions required to make this procefs fucceed, are, 14°To evaporate the urine, while itis recent. 2.’ To prevent its boiling over and oy that means lofing the moft unG@uous part. 3. ‘To et the matter afterwards fermeot in the cold.’ 4. ‘To nix the black matter with the fand, to prevent its nehting and running over. 5. Yo ufe d ftone long ° neck, thofe of earth being too porous, and fuffering he phofphorus to tranfude fooner than pafé into the ecetver. 6. To have the receiver very large, and vith avery long neck, to prevent its breaking and over 1eating, which would either evaporate the white vapour wherein the phofphorus cpnfifts, or elfe prevent its eo-
o2 J agulating. 7. To ptt water into the receiver, for keeping it cool, and quenching the phofphorus as. it falls to the bottom. 8. To make the fire fmall at firft, that the long. neck may. be. preferved; and the black matter gradually dried; which would otherwif {well and run over ina black froth. g. Laflly, it i: found neceffary, that the urine-for the operation be o: fuch as drink malt liquors, rather than wine. Al thefe circumftances being required for obtaining the phofphorus to advantage, it is no wonder that fo man} of thofe who attempted: it, mifcarried. This operati. on may be greatly fhortened, by freezing and. concen. trating frefh urine; afterwards evaporating it with eare; then digelting i it in the manner above mentioned When thoroughly digelted, commit the matter, in ; large quantity, to. an iron pot, with an earthen head as. the .chemifts ufually do for making f{pirit of harts horn, or the fpirit and falt of urine: and when, by thi method, all the falt and oil are obtained, let the capu raortuum be taken out, and mixed with twice its ow! weight. of alum. The matter may now be put int well-coated long-necks, and worked with care in a re verberatory furnace, into large receivers filled with wa ter, and connected to the long-necks by adopters, th lower ends whereof. may enter the water, as in diftillin, of quickfilver; the operation being continued eight o ten hours. And this is apprehended to be the beft wa: hitherto known of procuring phofphorus to advantage This phofphorus has been feveral ways difguifed, fo a to make it appear under various forms; fametimes as | folid, fometimes as a liquid, fometimes as an ointment and fometimes as a running, mercury. Dr Wallin forms. Udy iat vit. Doyle, being concerned to fini how {mall a proportion of phofphorus was afforded. b: urine, defired him to look out for another fubject tha ‘might afford it in greater plenty... The doctor afterward . caufing, a; piece of dry.,matter to be’ dug up in, th fields where ‘night-menempitied their. carts, he ob ferved a great number of {mall particles of phofphort therein, ‘This matter the: do¢tor immediately. carrie
sk OE
to Mr. Boyle, who fet Bilgar, the chemilt, to work upon it; but he could obtain very little phofphorus from it, till another material was added to it in diftilla- tion; and then he procured phofphorus in fuch plenty, that, felling large quantities at fix guineas the ounce, he foon became rich, and left England: The matter which thus fixes and increafes the phofphorus is appre- _ hended to be alum, which is itfelf not only in fome meafure prepared from urine, but appears to afford the fame kind of acid that. phofphorus yields by burning ; for, upon its analyfis, phofphorus appears to be a com- pofition of a {trong acid and inflammable matter, ex- | actly in the manner of common brimftone, whence it may not improperly be called an animal fulphur: and — accordingly, like common brimftone, it will burn un-
der a glafs bell, and afford flowers that become an acid liquor, like oleum fulphurus per campanam, by attraét- ing the moifture of the air. This phofphorus has been employed for making curious experiments, a few - whereof we fhall here exhibit from Dr. Shaw. 4. The light of this phofphorus appears greater in vacuo . than in the open air. 2. In hot weather it is obferved to dart flafhes of light through the water wherein it is contained, fo as exactly to refemble lightning ; which thus darts unextinguifhed through watry clouds and va- pours. 3. Thefe flathes of light are not apt to kin- dle or burn any combuftible matter, in which they re- femble the harmlefs kind of lightning; but in a con- denfed ftate this phofphorus burns very furioufly, and with a moft penetrating fire, fo as to melt and diffolve metals; in which refpeé it again refembles the more deltructive kinds of lightning, which are found to have the fame effects. 4. If a little piece of this phofphorus be viewed through a microfcope, the inter- nal parts appear in a conftant ebullition. 5. Though the phofphorus appears to be a kind of fulphur, yet it it does not diffolve in highly reétified fpirit of wine, but communicates fome fulphureous parts:thereto ; for, if this {pirit be poured into water in the dark, it yields a faint degree of light. 6. This phofpborus, being
( 84 ) mixed with a lange quantity of pomatum, makes s fhining unguent, which may be rubbed on the hand. and face, without danger @f burning, fo asto rende them Juminous in the dark. ‘Many other furprifing ex periments may be madeswith this phofphorus, which i: a fubltance thatfeems in-chemiflry to be much fach 2 thing as) the loaditone in natural philofophy ; and’ iv effets alaioft as: odd! and difficult.to explain, for wat of knowing the-latest properties of bodies, To make'a varnifh for Brafs, that will caufe it to loo like Gold.) Take two quarts of {pirit of wine, ani put them into’ a retort: glafs.; .then add to it an ounce of gumbuge, two: ounces of lacca, and: two ounces o matiic.: fet: this:in a fand-heat for fix days, or elfe nea a fire,.or you may put the body of the bu't-head fre quently intu. warm water, and fhake it two or thre times a day,: thenfet it-over.a'pan of warm faw duit But: before this varnifh isilaid over the metal, let it b wellcleaned.. This is a good varnifh to mix with an} _ eolours that incline to’ red, and the amber-varnifh fo: thofe that.are: pale. na To make.a varnifh for any thing covered with Lea, Silver.) Tir paint the thing over with fize, ani ground chalk or whiting; let them ftana till they are _ thoroughly. dry, and then do them over with very goot gold fize, of a bright colour (for there is much dif ference in the colour of it, fome being yellow, ane others almoft white: the firft is proper for gold, anc the laft for filver) when this fize is fo dry, as that i will juft ftick a little to the touch, Tay on the leaf fil yer, and clofe it weil to the fire.
END OF THE FIRST PaRT.
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PART tHe SECOND.
Of Drawing in General.
(): all the polite arts, none have had fo large a fhare of admirers as that of Drawing, the number of them including almoft all mankind: and no wonder, fince it reprefents objects to us in fuch -pleafant refem- blances, that we are apt to imagine we fee things which we really do not, It likewife teaches us to imitate all the. works of the Creation: it brings to our remem- brance things long fince palt, the deeds of people and nations long fince dead, and reprefents to us the ‘fea- tures and refemblances of our anceftors for feveral ge- nerations. There are few arts or profeffions:to which if drawing be not the parent, ‘fhe muft, at lealt, be acknowledged a kind of affiftant; all defigns and models being executed by drawing; mathematicians, archi- tects, and navigators, daily practife it; it is ufed ia moft ftations of life, from the general who commands an army, to the common mechanic. Nor have the la- dies been lefs fond of this moft excellent art ; feveral of whom have acquired a great degree of perfeétion. The public are greatly obliged to Mrs. Mariana, as well as to Mifs Seaytbs st At St. Laurence: the 2
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~ wore Ta Ladies Wave’ evel ceeeifed” Heckel) ii the Hower way; and Mrs. Mariana’s moft furprifing genius has excited oor utmoft admiration. ‘To this lady we are remarkably obliged for the‘invéntion of a fine blue co- lour, little inferior to that of ultramarine (of which more will be faid in its proper place) and only remark here, that I fall endeavour to figd.a coloursto anfwer that of carmfinte ; by which means’ thofé two extrava- gantly expenfive articles will be lefs called for, and the worthy fraternity of colourmen have lefs to anfwer for ; as they have for mahy yesré impofed, what they are pleafed to call ultramarine on the public, at the very modeft price of four, five, fix or feven pounds per ounce ; when, in fat, a better blue might have been produced for lefs than five fhillings. And, in- deed, much the fame. may be faid of carmine; it ge- nerally fells from three to four pounds per ounce: I Know the French earmine (which is the worlt made ufe of) at this time fetches two guineas and half the ounce. € ant forty to fay this lat afticle is too oftenmade an improper ufe of ; which, ittdved, dccafions the great demand for'it's' and though the fair fex have fpent many houte'very agreeably in'the polite art of painting ; yet I catinot -helpobfervigg, that it isthe greateft abfurdity to’ etideavout to wend the works of the Creator, by layitie od’ a pernisious Colour, that will very affuredly foon rene: the mot beautiful objet dull and difayree. able. But this'is too tender'a point to touch feverely 5 aud thall only add, in this place, the words of Shakef: peare’s Polotiius ; Tis trite, bis pity l<pily it’ is, 'fis truet Harnbly Robins, that the ladies of North America will difdain Buropeatt falhiotiv; But, above all, abandon and abhor thir Wicts*i 0 hee*
Riles fo be obferded in Dratwing.] Drawing is’ the - repreferdting, by lines or fades, the form or appear:
_. * The Ladits in feveral parts of Europe are fo fond of paiating their faces, that it is even done publicly; the jpiaer teaches her daughter this pernicious aft ; and the men do it asfreqdent as the womea,
( 8 ) ins anee of any thing in nature or art, the imitation of another draught, or therexpreffing, by lines and fhades, any defigns conceived in the mind: And as in imita- ting nature, or any draught, the mind is fir imprefled with the form. or fhape of the figures ;*which by the operation of the hand, is afterwards expreffed by lines, it.waill appear how geceflary it is, that the mind fhould be frequently ufed in a curious obfervance of what is propofed to ity by which ule it will conceive more fully and jultly of obje&ts, and the hand will delineate, with the greater eafe aad exactnefs, what is' chus ftrongly imprett on the memory... In order to arrive at perfec- tion, it 1s neceflury to underfland what is: good and beautiful in a draught} in which knowledge the mind will;make a quick progrefs, by comparing. prints and draughts together. ?'Lis areck on which many painters have [plit, they. have fatisfied themfelyes- with a bare imitation of bad pieces, without improving their genius, or acquiring a capacity to difcover what.aic beauties, © and.what defels. Ourideas, in fome mealure, ought to ferve us for a, model, and if we would improve thefe, we mult frequently view the performances of ‘others; we ought to be mice and crimcal in oblferving fuch as are corredt and good 3’ we fhould meditate on every print and draught we fee, makeneceflary reflections ou them, and labour to fx in our minds a remembrance of their beauties, the freedom and boldnefs of the ont-line, and the. proportion of the feveral parts, . Lf the judgment be well formed, the young praGitioner wil} be enabled to make a much greater improvement than he can pol- fibly do, if he proceeds in praGtice, without increafing in judgment. ‘The labour of the hand muft fecond and fupport that of the brain 5 ’tis impoflible to become an -ablevartift, without making the art habitual; and a per- fect habit is not tod be gained, without a great number of acts, and without coultant praGtice. Inall arts, the rules of them are to be learned inva fhort~ time 3 but the perfection of them is not acquired without practice and diligence, It is a tine maxim, that lazinels never produced -any thing that was excéllent sto be perfc® - I 2
y
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* an drawing, ’ris' neceflary that the hand fhould be im. proved in praétice, and the mind in judgment: every days Morning. is the beft ahd proper part of the day for bufinefs ; employ it therefore in the fudy and ex+ etcife of thofe: things which reqpite the grehteft pains and application. The frit cate fhould be employed ia iw imitating flraight and curved lines, fquare, round, regular, irregalar, and imanimate figures, alfo parts ot out-lines of flowers, &e. &c. This will be a good platform on which to ere&t the building ; for by) this Jabour you will attain a facility of hand, a freedom and exaétnefs of drawing lines, and a cultomary exercife of patience ; qualifications, without which’no one can © apply himfelf with pleafure and diligence in the exaé imitation of the mott difficult objets, which will require a longer time, and more art in copying. Thecircum- ferent ilrokes are ealled out+-lines 3 and the excellency of a good out-line confitts in freedom, boldnefs, and the exact proportion of all its parts: » Always begin your copy at the top; and draw the right fide of the figure firlt, for by that means the ftrokes are always — expofed to the eye; the reft will follow more. naturally, and give lefstrouble. Be content for fome time, to praGife after a good out-line, without attempting at finifhed pieces, or even ,without fhading your own draught :ficetch your out-line at firk with flight couches,