PROPERTY OF

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- mm

Traces

of

Early Man
in the
Northeast

By

William A. Ritchie

State Archeologist
New York State Museum
and Science Service

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78

.N7

R58

1957

ANTH

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
AND SCIENCE SERVICE
BULLETIN NUMBER 358

Published by The University of the State of New York
Y. June 1957

COMPLIMENTS OF

WILLIAM A. RITCHIE

Traces of Early Man
in the Northeast

By

William A. Ritchie
State Archeologist

New York State Museum and Science Service

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
AND SCIENCE SERVICE
BULLETIN NUMBER 358

Published by The University of the State of New York
Albany, N. Y.

June 1957

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State Archeologist, State Science Service

William A. Ritchie, M. S., Ph. D., D. Sc.

Traces of Early Man
in the Northeast

By

William A. Ritchie
State Archeologist

New York State Museum and Science Service

During some as yet undetermined period prior to about 10,000
years ago, hunters equipped with the heavy fluted points of the Clovis
industry roved about in the well-watered and partly wooded areas of
the southern plains, adjacent Rocky Mountain foothills, Colorado
Plateau and portions of the now desert basin area of New Mexico
and Arizona. Especially graphic records of this epoch have been
revealed at Clovis, N. Mex. ; Lubbock, Tex., and at Naco and Here¬
ford, Ariz. At these places occur “kill sites” of mammoth, horse,
camel, bison and other late Pleistocene fauna, in lacustrine or fluvial
deposits indicative of moist and probably cool climatic conditions.1

At Clovis and Lubbock there is geologic record of a succeeding
long span of extreme aridity which current comprehension finds
incongruous, temporally or stratigraphically, with the postglacial dry
cycle, or Altithermal phase of Antevs, estimated to have occurred
between approximately 7,000 and 4,000 years ago.2 The earlier arid
interval would seem rather to be referable to the Cary-Mankato or
Two Creeks Interstadial episode, radiocarbon dated between 13,500
and 11,000 years ago.3 Conceivably during this long stage of relative
dryness, some of the early hunters and the large beasts upon which
they primarily depended for subsistence temporarily abandoned parts
of the area for more propitious regions, perhaps in the distant and
less arid eastern United States.

Both geologic and archeologic data in the southern High Plains
attest to a subsequent period of moist, cool climate responsible for
accumulations in various parts of Texas and New Mexico of diato-
maceous earth or humic soils, productive of the generally smaller and
more finely chipped fluted points of the Folsom category, associated
with the bones of the principal quarry at this period, Bison antiquus.

toward, 1935, pp. 79-100 ; Cotter, 1937; Wormington, 1949, pp. 33-45; Sellards,
1952, pp. 17-46; Haury, 1953, pp. 1-24; Krieger, 1956, p. 452.

2Wendorf, Krieger. Albritton and Stewart, 1955, pp. 69-99 ; Antevs, 1953a.

8Suess, 1956, p. 356.

[3]

4

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

A radiocarbon date of 9,883 ± 350 years on carbonized bison bones
from the Lubbock locality, suggests that this pluvial or relatively wet
episode was related to the Mankato and/or Valders advance in the
north.1

In the Northeast, this advancing glacier was impounding in various
portions of the Huron, Erie and Ontario basins, the deep icy waters
of Lake Warren, one of a succession of glacial lake stages in this
region, and still farther east Lake Vermont was being created in the
Champlain Lowland.2 There seem neither actual nor theoretical
grounds to support the belief that any human being had up to this
time, about 11,000 years ago,3 penetrated into the bleak northeastern
forests, predominantly of spruce and fir,4 apd still the probable habitat
of the mastodon.5

In the southeastern United States, however, well beyond the range
of the glaciers, conditions within the deciduous forests and possible
grassland extensions from the west may long have been favorable
for early hunters. The widespread occurrence of points generally
conforming to the Clovis pattern suggests this possibility, but un¬
fortunately without affording the supporting testimony of faunal
remains or the discovery of radiocarbon datable material.

In the Northeast area, geologic evidence suggests the post-Valders
maximum age of the fluted points, which in the main fall within the
established range of the Clovis type, and the probability that the first
hunters entered this section of the country, perhaps from a southerly
or southwesterly direction, after relatively modern conditions of topo¬
graphy, climate and presumably flora and fauna had become estab¬
lished here, following the disappearance, estimated at around 7,000
years ago, of the final glacial bodies of water, Lakes Iroquois and
Vermont.6

Wellards, 1952, pp. 47-60; Wendorf, Krieger, Albritton and Stewart, 1955, pp.
68-69, 71-76, 98; Forbis, 1956; Suess, 1956, p. 356; Libby, 1955, p. 107.

Alex D. Krieger, who visited me on October 5, 1956, and was kind enough to
read the manuscript of this paper and offer constructive criticism, suggests Bison
taylori as the preferred nomenclature, since B. antiquus has not been established
as a distinct species.

2Fairchild, 1909, 1919; Chapman, 1937; Hough, 1953.

3Suess, 1956, p. 356; Flint, 1956, p. 272.

4By conversation with Paul B. Sears, April 8, 1954.

5The latest direct evidence bearing on this association comes from the Colgan farm,
near King Ferry, Cayuga Co., N. Y., where a mastodon skeleton occurred em¬
bedded in clay beneath a layer of peat and muck. Needles of black spruce and
balsam, fir,, together with wood and cones of the spruce were recovered (August
1955) in situ from the clay near the bones by Dr. Clair A. Brown, professor of
botany, Louisiana State University. A fragment of this wood supplied by Dr.
Brown has recently been sent by the writer to Dr. Edward S. Deevey for radio¬
carbon analysis at the Geochronometric Laboratory of Yale University.

6Flint, 1953, plate 3 ; 1956, p. 272.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

5

Until recently the sole basis for the assumption of a paleo-Indian
horizon in the eastern United States comprised the random surface
distribution from Alabama to New Brunswick of fluted points of
somewhat variable form, but exhibiting certain consistent features of
construction and such details of treatment as smoothed lower edges
and base. Actual campsites have now been identified and have pro¬
duced, in addition to fluted points, a small complex of relatively
simple, mainly uniface, flake implements, consisting principally of end
and side scrapers, knives and gravers. Yet even within the limited
range of this complex, as manifested at the Quad site, northern
Alabama;1 Parrish site, northwestern Kentucky;2 Williamson site,
southeastern Virginia;3 Shoop site, eastern Pennsylvania;4 Reagen
site, northwestern Vermont,5 and Bull Brook site, northeastern Mas¬
sachusetts,6 there is a sufficient variation in formal detail and quanti¬
tative distribution to suggest still uninterpretable spatial and/or
temporal differences.7

In New York State we continue to seek an assemblage of this kind,
marking a favored camping spot. Helpful leads emerge from the
distributional plotting of fluted points, shown on figures 1, 2, since
certain loci are revealed as potential centers of concentration. Unhap¬
pily, the exact provenience of the majority of the specimens seen in
museums and private collections is unknown, because they were col¬
lected prior to 1926, when the temporal significance of the fluted form
of point was first recognized.8 As “one of the rarest” of the “distinct
varieties of the triangular arrows,” Beauchamp had long before re¬
marked upon this form, but since an example was found within a
prehistoric, earth-walled town site on the Seneca River in central
New York, he postulated an Iroquoian origin.9 In the writer’s study
it has been possible in most cases to localize the finds to townships,
while in a few instances the farm, field or even, rarely, a more precise
find-spot is ascertainable (see table 1). Considerable pains and effort
have been expended to collect, check and verify these data and to
determine from the finders, wherever possible, information regarding

1Soday, 1954, pp. 1-20.

2Webb, 1951, pp. 432-450.

3McCary, 1951, pp. 9-17.

4Witthoft, 1952, pp. 464-495.

5Ritchie, 1953, pp. 249-258.

GByers, 1954, pp. 343-351.

7Witthoft (1952, p. 492) has suggested a division of the eastern sites into two
industries, an earlier or Enterline (Shoop, Williamson, St. 4) and a later or
Parrish (Parrish, Wilhelm, Reagen). Almost certainly this is an oversimplifi¬
cation of the facts.

8Cook, 1927; Figgins, 1927.

9Beauchamp, 1897, p. 21. The specimen shown in his figure 13 is illustrated in
plates 2A, B, figures D, d.

6

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

terrain and associations with other artifacts. The results of this first
distributional study seem, therefore, to admit of certain provisional
deductions with respect to probable derivation, affinity and relative
age in the cultural succession in the Northeast.

They also serve to emphasize the absolute rarity in this area of
traces of the earliest hunters, although in this respect the disparity
with regions immediately to the south and west does not seem espe¬
cially marked. There is, however, in the eastern United States, a pro¬
gressive diminution in incidence of fluted points both to the north
and south of a zone of relative concentration extending eastward
through the Ohio and Tennessee valleys into Virginia.1 This pattern
of distribution, as later mentioned, suggests the existence at some
former time of a favorable migration corridor into the east.

This scarcity of fluted points and especially of fluted point stations
is in striking contrast to the prevalence over the whole eastern United
States of surface-strewn artifacts and components of various Archaic
manifestations, with which, in the Northeast, no continuity or only a
tenuous linkage with the fluted point industries can be demonstrated.2
Such a continuity, through a succession of nonfluted point forms, is
to date best indicated in the Middle and Far West.3

The distributional evidence leads to the conclusion that the fluted
point users in the Northeast, as probably elsewhere, comprised a wide
scattering of tiny bands, in all likelihood limited to a few families, of
great mobility and primarily dependent for sustenance on large game
mammals.4 Whether these animals included now extinct species sur¬
viving from the late Pleistocene or a modern fauna including the
Virginia deer, black bear, elk and moose, the principal big game of the
succeeding Archaic hunters is still to be determined. The discovery
at Bull Brook, Massachusetts, of charcoal granules and calcined bone
fragments suggesting deer remains about a hearth augurs well for an

^hetrone, 1936 ; Crozier, 1939 ; McCary, 1947, 1948 ; Miller, 1950, pp. 273-275 ;
Witthoft, 1950; Fowler, 1954; Mahan, 1954; Mayer-Oakes, 1955, pp. 44-50, 72-74,
89-90, 130; Krieger (by conversation).

2Ritchie, 1953, p. 257.

3Mayer-Oakes, 1951, pp. 321-322; 1955, pp. 18-20; Willey and Phillips, 1955,
pp. 731-732.

4The broad range of diet of the Clovis hunters is illustrated by the notable dis¬
covery, beginning in February 1956, of a series of buried hearths near Lewisville,
Denton County, Texas. Members of the Dallas Archeological Society found in
association with a Clovis point and charcoal, remains of “two tortoises, a large
bison, a large wolf (?), rabbits, split bones suggestive of small deer or antelope,
birds, three small mussel shells, and a snail shell, all burned and in situ in the
hearth pits” (Krieger, 1956, p. 106).

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

7

ultimate solution of this problem.1 While nothing in the surviving
chipped stone inventory can be construed as fishing gear or equipment
for the preparation of wild vegetal foods, it is difficult to conceive of
a primitive food-gathering society which would totally ignore these
dietary supplements to a hunter’s fare. Willey and Phillips point out
that large portions of the New World were pioneered on this level
of culture,2 and archeological investigations in the Northeast, and
throughout the eastern United States in fact, have adduced evidence
of fluted point dissemination supporting the assumption that paleo-
Indian hunters enjoyed as nearly a condition of free wandering in
search of food in an unoccupied country as has ever existed in the
history of man.

Despite the wide latitude of fluted points indicative of extensive
exploration and open territory, the distributional pattern signifies
preference for certain kinds of terrain, as well as for particular lo¬
cales. Thus a predilection for well-elevated situations is attested by a
majority (26 or 31.7 percent) of the determinable find-spots of fluted
points in New York and by the locations of all known paleo-Indian
components in the East. In central and southwestern New York,
however, a total of 10 (12.1 percent) fluted points have been found
on and about the margins of low swampy ground formerly occupied
by shallow lakes and, in subsequent times strongly attractive to
Archaic and other cultural groups.3 For six additional specimens the
locus may be described as only slightly or moderately elevated (a few
to about 10 feet) above the general surrounding level, while for nearly
half (40 or 48.7 percent) data of this kind are unobtainable. (See
table 1.)

The paleo-Indian also shared with a majority of his successors a
decided choice for main waterways. The thin scatter of fluted points
in the Northeast follows the principal river systems, and it would
appear that the primary movements had originated to the south and
southwest of the area. Thus a trail of fluted point users seems to
ascend along the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers into southwestern New
York ; another to follow the Susquehanna and Delaware systems from
Pennsylvania into central New York ; while yet another to lead north¬
ward through the Hudson Valley. The Long Island Sound coastline
of southern New England, continuous with the Atlantic Coastal Plain,
appears to have provided a fourth route from which entry was

"Byers, 1955, pp. 274-275.

2Willey and Phillips, 1955, p. 731.

Archaic components are also recorded at the Parrish, Quad and Williamson sites.

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

effected into river valleys like the Connecticut, and as far north along
the coast as Mount Desert Island, Maine1 and Quaco Head, St. John,
New Brunswick.2 It is of interest to observe that the Shoop site is
located on a small tributary of the Susquehanna ; the Reagen site on
the Missisquoi River, flowing into the northern end of Lake Cham¬
plain, closely related by the Lake George connection to the Hudson
Valley route; while the Bull Brook component is readily accessible
from the postulated coastal approach. (See figures 1, 2.)

Large, fertile valleys, their environs and the Coastal Plain sup¬
ported the heaviest populations of food animals and the aboriginal
men who fed upon them in later prehistoric and early historic times,
and there is little doubt of a similar ecological relationship in a still
more ancient period. The absence or extreme scarcity of fluted points
and subsequent cultural remains from large regions like the Adiron¬
dack and Catskill Mountains and the rugged, folded mountain and
ridge country separating New England from New York east of the
Hudson-Champlain Lowland, is probably thus best explained.

It is, however, obvious that the early hunters penetrated inland
from the major river valleys, following smaller tributary streams into
the rough uplands seldom used by Archaic peoples. While the occa¬
sional discovery of a fluted point in a remote mountain valley or
terrace may connote only the place of death of a large game mammal,
struck many miles away and lost to the hunter, enough instances of
this kind in Pennsylvania and New York lead rather to the supposi¬
tions outlined.

As a minor digression, the possible knowledge of water travel at
this early time is raised by the finding of two examples of fluted
points on eastern Long Island, one near Greenport on the northern
fork (figures 1, 2 and plates 10A, B, figures E,e), the second near
Bridgehampton on the south fork (plates 10A, B, figures D,d). I am
informed by Roy Latham3 of Orient, Long Island, that there are no
records of the freezing over of Long Island Sound to complete a
land bridge from the Connecticut coast, but a winter crossing of the
Hudson from the New York mainland to the western erld of the
Island is entirely plausible. The total absence from all paleo-Indian
complexes in the country of ground stone, wood working tools (adzes,
celts and gouges) probably essential to the felling and shaping of
tree trunks into dugout boats, leaves us only with the possibility that
on occasion a frail bark craft, or a rude driftwood raft may have

Towler, 1954, pp. 4—6.
2Cotter, 1937a, p. 36, f.n.

3By letter of January 20, 1956.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

9

been employed in the crossing of streams. Along the broad and deep
Hudson River, however, all recorded fluted points have come from
the west side (figures 1, 2). The Susquehanna, Delaware and Alle¬
gheny Rivers, on the contrary, are and have been in historic times,
fordable at many places.

As already implied, the distributional evidence suggests that the
immediate source of the fluted point hunters lay to the south and
southwest of our area, rather than to the north. Adjacent Ontario,
Canada, has provided only 11 recorded finds beyond the example of
western New York Onondaga flint, from Point Jarvis about 60 miles
west of Buffalo, on the north shore of Lake Erie.1

Witthoft has expressed a contrary view, deriving the occupants of
the Shoop site from western New York State on the basis of the pre¬
dominance of western New York Onondaga flint as tool material.2
He apparently holds to the hypothesis of the progressive south-south-
eastward drift across Canada from an Alaskan bridgehead of a
primary influx of Asiatic hunters in late Pleistocene times, bringing,
more or less directly, an offshoot of early New World immigrants
into New York and Pennsylvania.3

I am not aware that evidence for such a postulated spread of fluted
point people can be demonstrated over large sections of the implied
route, nor do the data of distribution already adduced for the New York
area, and the correlation with geological features, still to be discussed,
appear to support this view. Moreover, as Krieger has pointed out,
the technique of fluting points may well be an American invention.4

Witthoft stresses the probable significance for a study of paleo-
Indian group movements of source identification of the lithic materials
utilized in tool manufacture. He mentions the extensive employment
for fluted points in eastern Pennsylvania of the distinctive local jasper
and indicates the dissemination of jasper points into New York State.5
In plotting the distribution of the recorded fluted points shown in
figures 1, 2, I included in the original draft, wherever possible, sym¬
bolic references to lithic composition, insofar as it could be identified
with the aid of the microscope and the assistance of geologists.6 One

1Kidd, 1951, p. 260. I am indebted to Richard L. McCarthy, Lockport, N. Y., for
data on the Point Jarvis specimen.

2 Witthoft, 1952, pp. 470-471, 493. .

3Ibid., pp. 493-494.

4Krieger, 1954, pp. 274-275.

Witthoft, 1950, p. 50.

RFlint samples collected by the writer and others on New York, Pennsylvania
and Vermont quarry sites and at flint exposures in New York proved very help¬
ful, as did the study of New York flints by Wray, 1948. I am especially indebted
to Dr. John Prucha, formerly of the New York State Museum and Science
Service, Geological Survey, for helpful assistance.

10

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

source of difficulty lay in the variable degrees of weathering of some
of the specimens, while another arose from the fact that after ab¬
stracting the points of jasper, Onondaga, Deepkill, Normanskill, Little
Falls, Leray and other more or less readily identifiable local flints,
there was a residue of unfamiliar exotic flint materials of indeter¬
minate provenience. These provoked the conclusion, shared with
Witthoft,1 that a knowledge of the derivation of such materials might
well clarify the direction of earliest movements into the area of the
bearers of the fluted points.

In brief, the writer’s analysis of the lithic constituents of fluted
points available for examination may be summarized as follows :
Identifiable Pennsylvania jasper (yellow, brown and red) points
occur sporadically to the north of the chief quarry centers in Lehigh,
Bucks and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania, appearing most commonly
along the courses of the Delaware, Susquehanna, Hudson and Wall-
kill Rivers. A thinner line leads eastward, following the New England
coast, terminating apparently at Bull Brook.2 There is also a sprin¬
kling of such points along the Genesee, Seneca and Oneida Rivers, while
a single point from the shore of the St. Lawrence at Cedar Point,
Jefferson County, is of this material. The native eastern New York
gray, greenish gray, and green Deepkill flint, and green, red, black
and gray, sometimes color-banded Normanskill flint comprise the
majority of points from the Hudson, eastern Mohawk, Lake George
and lower Champlain Valleys, and have been recognized at Shoop
and probably at Bull Brook.3 Fluted points from central, western and
southwestern New York and adjacent Pennsylvania are predomi¬
nantly fashioned from gray, blue-gray and mottled gray and tan,
high quality Onondaga flint. This is obtainable, with local variation
in color and markings, which provide useful clues to the approximate
district of derivation, in a broad band of outcrops across central New
York, from the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario to near the Hudson
Valley, thence ranging south-southwestward into New Jersey and
Pennsylvania at the Tri-States district.4 The majority of the Shoop
site artifacts are described by Witthoft as of deeply weathered

"Witthoft, 1952, pp. 470-471.

2Byers, 1954, p. 345. Maroon colored jasper outcrops are said to occur in eastern
Massachusetts. Megascopically, the New England and Pennsylvania jaspers seem
to be distinctive, the latter being more lustrous and frequently carrying small
quartz veins and crystal clusters. In thin section, according to Witthoft (personal
communication), Pennsylvania jasper shows a clear matrix of cryptocrystalline
quartz, with scattered quartz crystals and fine, flocculent iron dust, while many
additional gross impurities occur in New England jasper.

3Witthoft, 1952, p. 470 ; Byers, 1954, p. 345.

4Wray, 1948, pp. 40-41.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

11

mottled Onondaga flint, characteristic of western New York and
southern Ontario exposures.1 Minor representations of Little Falls
whitish flint, Leray black flint and other New York varieties have
been definitely or tentatively recognized in fluted points usually found
not far from potential sources of supply.

A consideration of these and other pertinent facts2 leads to the
provisional assumption that fluted point people entered various re¬
gions of the Northeast by following major river courses. They seem
to have been equipped with hunting points and other flaked tools of
more simple character, identified as yet on only a few sites (Shoop,
Reagen and Bull Brook; see plates 12-18; cf.ll), which were
fashioned from high grade flints (or other lithic materials) foreign,
insofar as known, either to the area as a whole,3 or to the particular
region of occurrence. The subsequent explorations of these hunters
revealed local supplies of good quality flints on which they then came
to depend. The relatively considerable amount of Pennsylvania jasper,
together with the pattern of its distribution, leads one to suspect that
paleo-Indian people may have been resident in eastern Pennsylvania
until climatic and other conditions to the north in New York State
and New England became more favorable. Since points made of
eastern and western varieties of New York flints appear in some
numbers in Pennsylvania, one might hypothesize seasonal movements
back and forth along the stream valleys.4 (Perhaps the exclusively
west bank distribution of fluted points in the Hudson Valley is to be
explained by summer migrants, whose cultural equipment was unequal
to the crossing of this wide and deep river.)

Certain typological disparities occur in the fluted point series in
the Northeast which find parallels elsewhere in the United States.
Since on the few components recognized in our area there are accom¬
panying variations in frequency and form among the scraping, cut¬
ting and graving tools, the differences may depend upon time dis¬
tinctions more than areal specializations. Witthoft has argued for an
underlying early Enterline Industry at the Shoop and Williamson
components.5 Byers sees Enterline and possibly Folsom elements at

Witthoft, 1952, p. 471.

2See discussion of the Reagen site stone sources in Ritchie, 1953, pp. 250-251.

''Three points from western New York (plates 5 A, B, figures E.e and plates
10A, B, figures A, a), and one from Tioga County (plate 9, figure B), are>made
of dark bluish flint with lighter markings; two others (plates 1A, B, figures I,i,

and plates 2A, B, figures G,g) from central and northern New York, respectively,
are chipped from a mottled light gray flint. The material of all is believed to be
Upper Mercer flint from eastern or southeastern Ohio (Shetrone, 1936, p. 255).
‘The conditions reported for the Shoop site seem at variance with this postulation.

5 Witthoft, 1952, pp. 485-487.

12

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Bull Brook.1 The Reagen complex, the most aberrant fluted point
site in the Northeast, suggests a still later level of assimilation. Its
traits, however, include a small number of scrapers with possible
graving spur (plate 12, figures A, EE; plate 13, figure X), character¬
istic of the Enterline Industry, the pentagonal fluted point of the
Williamson complex (plate 15, figures I, J), and the multipointed
fine graver of the Bull Brook assemblage (plate 13, figures HH ; plate
17, figure Q).2 Moreover, certain of the unfluted points suggest the
“unfluted Folsom” points of the Scharbauer site in Texas.3

Of the more randomly distributed points, differences in size are
the most conspicuous, the length range extending from 1 to 4T%
inches. The majority, however, are between 2 and 3 inches long. In
outline configuration the nearly parallel-sided form greatly predom¬
inates (plates 1A, B, figures F,f, G,g). Especially in the larger sizes,
this point closely conforms with the established Clovis Fluted type, the
most widely dispersed and perhaps the most ancient of the fluted point
varieties.4

A generally congruent variant, described in table 1, as having
slightly incurvate lower edges (plates 3A, B, figures E,e, F,f) may
fall within the normal shape range of the Clovis type, as the product
of deeper edge grinding,5 or constitute an intermediate developmental
form between the Clovis and Cumberland fluted category, best repre¬
sented in the Southeast, but also found in Ohio and elsewhere.6 The
modified form of New York (plates 4A, B, figures D,d) and Ohio
occurs at the Quad site,7 where it seems indeed to be transitional
into the exaggerated Cumberland form, with the latter’s marked
constriction of the lower edges and prominent, obliquely lateral “ears.”

Finally, there is the pentagonal style (plates 1A, B, figures C,c,
D,d) which, with parallel or insloping lower lateral edges, is a major
form on such widely separated sites as Williamson in southeastern
Virginia8 and Reagen in northwestern Vermont (plate 15, figures

I, J).

1Byers, 1954, pp. 349-351.

2Ritchie, 1953, pp. 255-257.

3Wendorf, Krieger, Albritton and Stewart, 1955, pp. 48-49. Compare their illus¬
tration No. 19 on plate 16 with my plate 15, figures F, G, 7.

4Krieger, 1947, pp. 10-11. It is of interest to compare New York specimens shown
on plates 1-3, for example, with the points accompanying the Naco, Ariz., mam¬
moth, illustrated by Haury (1953) as figures 6 and 7.

5See, for example, figures 6, 7 f of Haury, 1953.

6Lewis, 1954; 1954a; Soday, 1954, nos. 42, 43; Shetrone, 1936, figure 1 (first 3
examples).

’Compare, for example, plates 3A, B, figures F,f and 4A, B, figures D,d, with
figures 5-8 of Soday, 1954.

8McCary, 1951, figures 8, 2, 3, 12, 19-22.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

13

In the present state of knowledge, distinctions of this kind can¬
not be interpreted on a functional, temporal or spatial basis. Nor can
the antecedents or derivatives of the sundry forms be demonstrated
with any degree of conviction. It has been suggested, as earlier men¬
tioned, that people responsible for the Clovis Fluted type were pri¬
marily elephant hunters in the High Plains area during the maximum
episode of Wisconsin time (Cary Subage?). Desiccation brought
about by the progressive warmth and dryness of an interstadial period
(Two Creeks?) may have provided the stimulus for their movement,
following the big game, through a prairie corridor into the better
watered eastern United States.1 In the western area bison, better
adapted to the increasing prairie conditions, furnished subsistence
for the hunters who remained, and the smaller and lighter Folsom
Fluted point seems to have been developed from a Clovis prototype
(during the Mankato and/or Valders Subage?) as a more suitable
weapon.

Adding to this speculation, the Clovis point users invaded first
the more southerly regions of the eastern United States, via the afore¬
mentioned prairie corridor, avoiding the less salubrious climatic en¬
vironment of the Northeast. Thinly spread and mobile in the new
setting, the small groups responded to local ecological variations with
innovations which apparently affected particularly the more critical
elements of the cultural equipment, viz., the weapons of the basic
hunting activity. Thus the more general uniformity of simple domes¬
tic tools — end and side scrapers, flake knives, gravers etc. — presum¬
ably derived from traditional Clovis prototypes, contrasts with range
of point styles, some of which have already been described, and all
of which are generically linked together in still undecipherable stylistic
sequences by adherence to such cultural compulsives as fluting, basal
edge grinding and certain pressure chipping techniques.

To conclude our assumptions, the Northeast became, in due course,
included within the hunting range of the paleo-Indians, but whether
before or after the fundamental Clovis industry had undergone vari¬
ous modifications in point styling it is impossible to say. The Shoop
site seems to furnish the most satisfactory known evidence in the
eastern United States for an occupation on or about the Clovis level
in the Great Plains. If this assumption is correct, we still do not know
what changes the Clovis industry may have undergone, both in the
modification of fluted points and in associated artifacts, during east-

Tewis, 1953, pp. 39-40 ; 1954. This author, however, postulates a movement in
Altithermal times (ca. 5000-2000 B.C.), apparently too late, as shown above, to
fit the newer evidence.

14

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

ward diffusion from the supposed center in the Great Plains. High
traditional reserve is, however, indicated by the striking similarity
of Clovis points throughout their known range from coast to coast.

The pre- Archaic age of the fluted point industries in the eastern
United States is primarily based on comparative radiocarbon dates
between Archaic components in the Northeast and Southeast, and a
Folsom component in the Southwest.1 Meager stratigraphic support
came from the Carlson Annis site in Kentucky.2 In New York3 and
Kentucky4 Archaic cultures5 were well established around 3500 B.C.
and probably several centuries earlier. Groups of fishermen were
building fish weirs on the Massachusetts coast at about the same
time.6 In all probability, most regions of the country were more or
less sparsely peopled by 3500 B.C. with seminomadic hunting-fishing¬
gathering bands having cultural traditions partly derived in some
cases from paleo-Indian antecedents, partly through later migrations
from Asia. If confirmed by additional findings, the 7922 B.C. ± 392
years dating for Zone 1 at Modoc Rock Shelter, southwestern Illi¬
nois,7 closes the temporal gap between paleo-Indian and Archaic
manifestations,8 and serves to support probable genetic relationships
already alluded to. Moreover, non-fluted point, paleo-Indian assem¬
blages of generally comparable antiquity, from Gypsum Cave,
Nevada,9 and Danger Cave, Utah,10 suggest that important elements
of Archaic lineages are to be sought elsewhere than in the Clovis-
Folsom fluted point tradition. Notwithstanding these considerations,
present evidence from the Northeast fails to connect typologically,
recognized paleo-Indian with Early Archaic assemblages, thus cre¬
ating a probable hiatus of unascertained magnitude, prior to the es¬
tablished 3500 B.C. radiocarbon date for the latter. It seems, there-

1Sample C 558, burned bison bone, 9,883 ± 350 years B.P. (Libby, 1955, p. 107).
A more recently collected and measured sample of fresh-water snail shells from a
higher level of the Folsom stratum at the same Lubbock, Texas site, yielded an
age of 9300 ± 200 years, at the Lamont Laboratory (Krieger, 1956a, p. 107).

2Webb, 1950, pp. 307-310. The little known1 and unpublished St. 4 site in North
Carolina is said to yield evidence of this kind (Witthoft, 1952, pp. 486-487).

3Libby, 1955, p. 93; Ritchie, 1951, p. 31.

4Libby, 1955, pp. 98-99, 105; Webb, 1951, p. 30.

5That is, preceramic and preagricultural assemblages containing polished stone
artifacts, in addition to those of chipped stone, ground stone, bone, antler and
sometimes shell.

°Libby, 1955, p. 90; Johnson, 1951, samples 417, 418, pp. 11-12.

7Fowler and Winters, 1956, pp. 31-32.

8I am not in agreement with the trend in some quarters to employ the term “Early
Archaic” in reference to nonfluted point assemblages which may contain ground
stone, shaped through use, as milling stones and manos, but which lack polished
stone artifacts, which I regard as a primary criterion of the Archaic stage of
culture.

9Libby, 1955, pp. 117-118; Harrington, 1933.

10Jennings, 1953.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

15

fore, logical to project the paleo-Indian vestiges of this area to a
chronological horizon sometime prior to 3500 B.C. Here the findings
of Pleistocene geology, in furnishing certain still debatable details
of late glacial and postglacial paleogeography, seem of some im¬
portance in suggesting at least a minimum time limitation for the
paleo-Indian occupation of this area.

Thus, in plotting the beach line of the closing stage of Lake Iro¬
quois, the most recent glacial body of water known to have existed
in New York, against the principal district of concentration of fluted
points in the State, it is readily seen that those portions of the
Seneca River valley in Onondaga, Cayuga and Wayne Counties
where fluted points have been found with highest frequency were
uninhabitable at this stage, being submerged beneath the lake waters.1
Similarly, the minor cluster of points at the foot of Lake George and
about Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain occurs in a section inundated
by the Fort Ann stage of glacial Lake Vermont,2 which is believed to
have coexisted with Lake Iroquois.3 Moreover, the localities of many
of the Ontario fluted points were then probably under either Lake
Iroquois waters or the ice sheet which created it.4 (See figure 1.)

Assuming the reliability of the geological data, it must be con¬
cluded that man’s presence at these places was subsequent to the
termination of the Lake Iroquois-Lake Vermont phase, provisionally
inferred from radiocarbon dating of geological events at approxi¬
mately 7,000 years age.5

By this time, it is believed, progressive amelioration of the climate
had resulted in the stagnation and decay of the ice lobe partially
overlying the Ontario basin and St. Lawrence Lowland to the extent
of uncovering the northern slope of the Adirondack Mountains. A
new low outlet channel for Lake Iroquois opened south of Covey
Hill, just north of the International Boundary line, draining through
the St. Lawrence Valley to the Champlain Lowland. The old drainage
route through the Mohawk-Hudson channel was abandoned. Long
enduring Lake Iroquois, with its prominent beach lines, came rather
rapidly to an end.

Its considerably shrunken successor, known as Lake Frontenac,
appears to have been short-lived, as indicated by feeble strand lines.
With continuation of ice recession north of Covey Hill, the im¬
pounded Ontario basin waters dropped still lower, resulting in the

"Fairchild, 1919, pp. 61-62, plate 1 ; 1928, pp. 152-157, figure 147.

2Chapman, 1937, pp. 103-113, figure 4.

3Flint, 1953, plate 3; 1956, plate 1.

"Hough, 1953, figure 23.

5Flint, 1956, plate 1.

16

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

body of water named by Fairchild the Gilbert Gulf.1 (See figure 2.)
In the Watertown, N. Y., district, recent studies have established
the present beach line elevations of these three successive lakes at
approximately 745, 655 and 400 feet, respectively.2

Lake Frontenac was apparently coalescent with the closing phase
of Lake Vermont in the Champlain Lowland.3 When progressive
deglaciation had freed the local ice cap damming the St. Lawrence
Valley in the Parc des Laurentides district of Quebec, an entry for
marine waters was created, since the glacially depressed crust over
the St. Lawrence-Champlain area lay far below the rising sea level.
The invasion of salt water which followed created the Champlain Sea,
reaching south to Whitehall in the Champlain Lowland and south-
westward in the St. Lawrence Lowland to about Ogdensburg.4

In naming Gilbert Gulf, Fairchild had assumed that this marine
incursion had extended into the Ontario basin. More recently it has
been concluded that the volume of outflow from the Ontario basin
sufficed to prevent the marine transgression west of Ogdensburg.5

The sands and clays attributed to the Champlain Sea stage yield
cold water Mollusca, although it might appear that the climate at this
time, estimated at around 6,000 to 7,000 years ago,6 was approaching
the Altithermal climax of warmth and dryness.7 Champlain Sea strand
lines are very imperfectly known and there is no general agreement
on the subject (figure 2). 8 It does seem, however, that most fluted
point finds in New York occur in places above the probable reach
of these sea waters, the only exceptions being at Cedar Point, Jeffer¬
son County; possibly near De Peyster, St. Lawrence County and the

"Fairchild, 1928, pp. 159-164.

2Stewart, n.d.

3Flint, 1956, plate 1.

*Flint, 1947, p. 263; 1953, pp. 909-10, 915, plate 3; Chapman, 1937, pp. 113-16,
figure 5 ; Woodworth, 1905, pp. 206-45 ; Leverett and Taylor, 1915, p. 333.
5Stewart, n.d.

°Flint, 1953, p. 910, plate 3 ; 1956, pp. 272, 278-279. There is much uncertainty
about the date of the Champlain Sea. Three C14 measurements on Saxicava,
Macoma and Balanus fossil pelycypod shells range from 10,630 ± 330 to 11,370 ±
360 years old, which would approximately equate this marine submergence with the
Two Creek interval, just prior to the Mankato and/or Valders advance (Preston,
Person and Deevey, 1955, p. 56). These results have been questioned on the
grounds that the animals, living in calcareous waters carrying carbon from
Ordovician, Cambrian and Precambrian formations, could build into their shells
not only contemporaneous carbon but also ancient carbon “and until we can find
out the proportion of ancient carbon to contemporaneous carbon, the dating of
buried shells by radiocarbon has no meaning.” (Personal communication of Feb¬
ruary 23, 1956, from Professor Paul MacClintock, Princeton University. Cf. dis¬
cussion in Flint, 1956, p. 278.)

7Antevs, 1953, p. 204, and figure 1 ; 1953a, p. 11.

8Hough, 1953, figure 25.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

17

locale about Ticonderoga and the northern end of Lake George
(figure 2 and table 1). Moreover, the artifacts of the Reagen site
occur in dunes of sand attributed to the maximum stage of the
Champlain Sea.1 The peculiar location of this station, on the flank
of a hill, overlooking the Missisquoi River in Franklin County,
Vermont, from an elevation of some 300 feet, a situation wholly at
variance with later Indian cultures of the area, suggests the possibility
of a near-shore camping place, repeatedly visited, during a waning
stage of the Champlain Sea.

Let us suppose that the 5000 B.C. date for the early existence of
the Champlain Sea approximates reality. The paleo-Indian hunters
whose meager vestiges are found within the probable extreme con¬
fines of this sea — in the St. Lawrence- Champlain Lowland and at the
Reagen site — must have been still more recent. Moreover, by the same
tentatively established chronology, only a few additional centuries
separate the early Champlain Sea from the period of late Lake Iro¬
quois and the Fort Ann stage of Lake Vermont, within whose basins
have been found some 41 percent of the fluted points from New York
State. These data argue strongly for the recency of paleo-Indian
hunters in the Northeast, although current evidence does not prejudice
the possibility of greater antiquity for similar remains immediately
south of these barriers.

Much more reliable lower time estimates from radiocarbon dated
components place the Early Archaic Lamoka culture in southcentral
New York at around, 3500 B.C. and the contact of Lamoka and
Laurentian groups in central New York about 500 years later.2 As
already mentioned, indications of continuity or contact between
Archaic and paleo-Indian groups in this area are negligible. It would
therefore seem that our conclusions, based upon quantitative con¬
siderations and geologic factors, point in the direction of a scanty
occupation by paleo-Indian hunters in the Northeast during a rela¬
tively brief and recent interval falling somewhere between approxi¬
mately 3500 and 5000 B.C.

Tougee, 1953, p. 275.

2Libby, 1955, pp. 92-93; Ritchie, 1951, p. 31.

18

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

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TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

19

Figgins, J. D.

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1933 Gypsum Cave, Nevada. Southwest Museum Papers No. 8. Los
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Haury, Emil W. et al

1953 Artifacts with mammoth remains, Naco, Arizona. American An¬
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Howard, Edgar B.

1935 Evidence of early man in North America. The Museum Journal, v.
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Jennings, Jesse D.

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1951 Radiocarbon dating. Memoirs of the Society for American Archae¬
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NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

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1955a Excavations at the Globe Hill Shell Heap (46 Hk 34-1) Hancock
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1950 Early cultural horizons in the southeastern United States. American
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22

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

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TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

23

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NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

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Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

Jefferson

Cape Vin¬
cent

Cedar Point

Rocky point, 20-40
feet above St. Law¬
rence River

-

Fred Cuppernall

16

“

—

— 1

N. Y. State Museum
#21816

18

*

m .

-

“

28

St. Law¬
rence

De Peyster

Near Mud Lake
(probably north end,
between Fish and
Beaver Creeks)

C. B. Olds

12

Lewis

Croghan

CTE 1-2, c. V2 mi.
east of mouth of
Deer River, east side
Black River

Surface find on duff
on level spur above
intermittent stream
bed

None. Core of like
material within 500
feet. Scatter of Ar¬
chaic points in gen¬
eral vicinity

N. Y. State Museum
#41459-1

Essex

Ticonderoga

John Rafferty farm,
west side Lake
George, near foot

Following point
found on same farm

Fort Ticonderoga Mu¬
seum

«

«

«

-

See last entry

«

«

i

Fort Ticonderoga
grounds

High rocky elevation
above Lake Cham¬
plain

-;:Y,

«

Oswego

Schroeppel

Near Phoenix

; - '

George F. Chesbro

Onondaga

Cicero

Channing Robinson
farm (Syr. 5), Brew¬
er ton, south side
Oneida River

High level field above
river at foot of
Oneida Lake

Surface find on ex¬
tensive Laurentian
site

Dr. William Hins¬
dale, Syracuse, N. Y.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

73

1

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Size

Addenda

Material

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

and

Acknowledgments

Yellow jasper

c. W long

-

1 -

-

Seen only in frame.
Fred Cuppernall,
Clayton, N. Y.

Mottled light and
medium gray flint
(Upper Mercer?)

W iy8" He"

77 mm. 35 mm. 8 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces,

c.H

Lower edges
and base

Good

Plates 2 A, B, fig¬
ures G, g

Black flint (prob¬
ably Leray)

2%s" W W

64.5 mm. 22 mm. 7 mm.

((

One face c.

other
thinned near
base

Fair

Plates 3 A, B, fig¬
ures B, b

Shiny black flint
(probably Leray)

2%" 1 W %"

55 mm. 28 mm. 5 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Full on both
faces

Fine

Plates 4 A, B, fig¬
ures F, f. C. B.
Olds, Waddington,
N. Y.

Little Falls flint

W He"

40 mm. 21 mm. 5 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces, c.
lA and %

Good

Plates 2 A, B, fig¬
ures C, c. Found
by State Museum
field party (1955)

Dark gray flint

c. 2}4" long

Lower edges
incurvate,
base expand¬
ed

Full on both
faces

1 1 1

Good

Greenish flint
(probably Deep-
kill)

c. V/s" long

Parallel sided

Both faces, c.

Vz

— •

Fair

Light gray flint

c. 2%" long

Lower edges
incurvate,
base expand¬
ed

Both faces, c.

A

Good

|

Basal section only, 1%"
long, 1" wide

Parallel sided

Both faces

-

“

George F. Chesbro,
Phoenix, N. Y.

Red jasper

V/i" long, 1" wide

Lower edges
slightly in¬
curvate

Full on both
faces

Drawing in W. M.
Beauchamp, “An¬
tiquities of Onon¬
daga,” Vol. X, fig¬
ure 464, ms. N. Y.
State Museum

Plate Caption Numbers

74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

20

County

Onondaga

32

36

LOCATION

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

-T-

-

|9E

^9

-

-

B- 1

-

j

IpIS

-

-

Van Buren

-

all

-

Cross Lake

-

Lysander

-

Van Buren

m i

Lot 12

■ ■

|^9

Lysander

-

-

-

Near Baldwinsville

Association

SOURCE

Collection

and

Catalog Number

N. Y. State Museum
#27593

N. Y. State Museum
#31593

N. Y. State Museum
#31053

N. Y. State Museum
#31045

N. Y. State Museum
#31951

N. Y. State Museum
#31449

N. Y. State Museum
#36285

N. Y. State Museum
#31047

Rochester Museum of
Arts and Sciences
AR 36293

N .Y. State Museum
#31593

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

75

1 ( continued )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Size

Addenda

Material

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

and

Acknowledgments

Banded gray and
brown flint (Onon¬
daga)

2M"(est.) W Vvi'

57 mm. 22 mm. 5 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Full on both
faces

Lower edges
and base

Good

Tip broken recent¬
ly. Plates 1 A, B,
figures A, a

Red jasper

m" w6" K"

40 mm. 23.5 mm. 6 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces, c.
k and Yz

None

Fair

Plates 1 A, B, fig¬
ures B, b

Gray flint (Onon¬
daga)

m" m" ig

39 mm. 27.5 mm. 5 mm.

Pentagonal

Full on both
faces

Lower edges
only

“

Plates 1 A, B, fig¬
ures C, c

“

Ike" M" ke"

27 mm. 18.5 mm. 5 mm.

“

Lower edges
and base

“

Plates 1 A, B, fig¬
ures D, d

Little Falls flint

2 Vs" %" M"

60 mm. 24 mm. 6 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Good

Plates 2 A, B, fig¬
ures F, f

Mottled gray and
white flint (Upper
Mercer?)

2ke" 1 X" k"

61.5 mm. 28 mm. 6 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces, c.
%

Lower edges
and base
(slight)

Fair

Plates 1 A, B, fig¬
ures I, i. Illustrated
by Beauchamp,
1897, figure 14

Banded and mot¬
tled gray and
white flint

W W 36"

52 mm. 22 mm. 7 mm.

Both faces, c.
H and %

Lower edges
and base

Plates 2 A, B, fig¬
ures D, d. Illus¬
trated by Beau¬
champ, 1897, figure
13

Black flint (prob¬
ably Leray)

2%" k" ke"

56 mm. 22 mm. 8 mm.

“

Both faces, c.

M

“

“

Plates 3 A, B, fig¬
ures A, a

Dark gray flint
(Onondaga)

4 Vs" Ike" 96"

104 mm. 30 mm. 7 mm.

Full on both
faces

Lower edges
and base
(slight)

Excellent

Plates 3 A, B, fig¬
ures D, d

Gray flint (Onon¬
daga)

2ke" 1" %?

58 mm. 25.4 mm. 7 mm.

“

Both faces,

mi

Lower edges
and base

Fair

Plates 1 A, B, fig¬
ures E, e

Dark greenish
gray flint (Deep-
kill?)

Uke" We" ke"

46 mm. 24 mm. 5 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Nearly full
on both faces

1

Good

One face heavily
patinated, Plates 5
A, B, figures D, d

Mottled gray flint
(Onondaga)

Ike" We" ke"

30 mm. 21 mm. 5 mm.

Pentagonal

Full on both
faces

Slight on
lower edges
and base

Fair

Plate 6, figure C

76

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

«

w

m

a

LOCATION

SOURCE

&

o

£

■*!

o

I

County

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

37

Onondaga

. ' '

-

-

-

N. Y. State Museum
#31593

34

“

-

-

<(

Cayuga

Conquest

Haiti Island, near
Mosquito Point, op¬
posite mouth of
Owasco outlet, on
Seneca River

Elevated island in
marsh

Following points
found on same site

William Warder

“

|

((

“

See last entry

William Warder

a

Earl Mann

39

Montezuma

Jacob Snyder gladi-
ola farm site, 1 mi.
northwest of Monte¬
zuma

Low marshy flat

Much early Pt. Pen¬
insula and Hopewel-
lian material from
this site

Arthur J. Seelye

Wayne

Wolcott

Old Ed Reiley farm
(now Teller and Cox-
mer farms) c. H mi.
east of North Wol¬
cott

Low ground near
marsh

Edward T. Brown col¬
lection, Wolcott, N. Y.

38

Butler

Excavated on Arthur
J. Seelye farm, town
line Rose and Butler,
c. 2 mi. southwest of
Wolcott

Dug from roadside
bank on rise of c. 8 ft.
above small stream.
“Ashes and a little
charcoal at subsoil
level, but no bone.”
From sand subsoil.

Arthur J. Seelye

41

Wayne

Rose

Norman Young farm,
c. V/t mi* east of
North Rose (now
Doty farm)

On upper waters of
Mudge Creek, west
side, in high (10-20'
above creek level)
cultivated field

Following point
found on same field

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

77

1 ( continued )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Material

Size

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

Addenda

and

Acknowledgments

Mottled gray flint
(Onondaga)

1" Vs" w

25.4 mm. 22 mm. 5 mm.

Pentagonal

Nearly full
on both faces

Lower edges
and base

Fair

Plate 6, figure D.
Point broken and
crudely rechipped

Light gray chalce¬
dony

m* i" w

41 mm. 25.4 mm. 6 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces,
c.y2

Very slight
on base

“

Plate 6, figure A.
An aberrant form.

Bluish black flint
(Upper Mercer?)

1 V± long

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Both faces,
c.%

William Warder,
Geneva, N. Y.

Light grayish flint

Basal fragment \W long

Parallel sided

Both faces

—

«

s

Gray flint (Onon¬
daga)

IV" long

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Both faces,
c .H

A strong resem¬
blance to first speci¬
men from same site,
except for material.
Haiti Island prob¬
ably a camp site.
Earl Mann, Jordan,
N. Y.

Gray flint

1%" Vs" ~

42.5 mm. 22 mm. —

Parallel sided

Full on both
faces

|

Good

Plate 7, figure B.
Arthur J. Seelye,
Wolcott, N. Y.

Brown flint

2%" long

Both faces,

c.H

—

Poor

Data from Carl
Jones and Arthur
J. Seelye, Wolcott,
N. Y.

W long

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Full on both
faces

Good

Plate 7, figures A, a.
Excavated point.
Arthur J. Seelye,
Wolcott, N. Y.

Blue-gray flint

2Vs" 1" -

54 mm. 25.4 mm. —

Parallel sided

«

*

Plate 7, figures D,d.
Arthur J. Seelye,
Wolcott, N. Y.

78

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

CQ

«

CQ

a

LOCATION

SOURCE

S5

O

£

d

a

E-i

«!

County

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

put

•

40

Wayne

Rose

N or man Yo ung far m ,
c. 2V2 mi. east of
North Rose (now
Doty farm)

On upper waters of
Mudge Creek, west
side, in high (10-20'
above creek level)
cultivated field

See last entry

Arthur J. Seelye

30

U

Macedon

Hance farm, near vil¬
lage of Macedon

Rochester Museum of
Arts and Sciences
#39281

31

Monroe

~

Genesee Valley, near
Rochester(?)

Rochester Museum of
Arts and Sciences
#37781

29

U

Brighton

Rowland farm, along
Allen’s Creek, near
Pittsford

—

Rochester Museum of
Arts and Sciences
#43626

35

Greece

Bonesteel farm

—

N. Y. State Museum
#35958

Ontario

Farmington
Lot 86

Kyte farm, west side
town

-

H 1

“

Victor

-

-

1

Buffalo Historical So¬
ciety (55/1074)

14

Livingston

-

Probably vicinity of
Sonyea, Genesee
Valley

Wm

-

N. Y. State Museum
#15910

33

Yates

— •

Frank Schultz farm,
near head of Canan¬
daigua Lake.eastside

—

—

Rochester Museum of
Arts and Sciences
#36305

43

Tompkins

Ithaca

Cornell University
campus

On high ground over¬
looking foot of Ca¬
yuga Lake

Following point from
same area

DeWitt Historical So¬
ciety of Tompkins Co.
(Ithaca)

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

79

1 ( continued )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Materia]

Size

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

Addenda

and

Acknowledgments

Gray-black flint

2K” *54" ~

57 mm. 24 mm. —

Parallel sided

Both faces,

%

If —

Good

Plate 7, figures C, c.
Arthur J. Seelye,
Wolcott, N. Y.

Mottled gray flint
(western Ononda¬
ga)

- - -

«

Slight on
both faces

Slight on
lower sides
and base

Poor

Fire damaged basal
fragment. Plates 5
A, B, figures B, b

Mottled gray and
black flint (Deep-
kill)

2" 154" K"

50 mm. 27 mm. 6 mm.

Both faces,

c.%

Lower sides
and base

Good

Plates 5 A, B, fig¬
ures C, c

Mottled gray and
black flint (west¬
ern Onondaga)

W Vs" 54"

37 mm. 22 mm. 4 mm.

Both faces,
c. J4 and Yz

Fair

Plates 5 A, B, fig¬
ures A, a

Mottled gray and

2154" 154" 54"

Lower edges

Both sides,

Lower edges

Excellent

Plate 6, figure B.

tan flint (western
Onondaga)

61 mm. 30 mm. 4 mm.

slightly in-
curvate

base thinned
only

and base

One of thinnest spe¬
cimens seen. Aber¬
rant form

Black flint

254" 1"

Parallel sided

Both faces,

o.X

Good

Data from Lewis F.
Allen, Macedon,
N. Y.

Mottled gray and
tan flint (western
Onondaga)

- %" Vs"

— 24 mm. 3 mm.

One face c.
Y • Other
face thinned
by 3 short
flakes

Fair

Basal fragment.
Data from Richard
L. McCarthy, Lock-
port, N. Y.

Yellow jasper

2Y" 154" 54"

57 mm. 27 mm. 8 mm.

U

Both faces,
nearly full

“

Good

Plates 2 A, B, fig¬
ures E, e

Blue-black flint
(Upper Mercer?)

w ix* x"

68 mm. 32 mm. 6 mm.

' «

Both faces,
c. y2 and Yz

«

Fair

Plates 5 A, B, fig¬
ures E, e

Dark gray flint

2X" 1" —

57 mm. 25.4 mm. —

Both faces,
c .%

Plate 8, figures A, a.
Photographs from
Frank H. H. Rob¬
erts, Jr., Smithson¬
ian Inst. Data from
W. Glenn Norris,
Ithaca, N. Y.

80

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

tf

ja

«

a

LOCATION

SOURCE

o

|

o

w

<

Ph

County

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

44

Tompkins

Ithaca

Cornell University
campus

On high ground over¬
looking foot of Ca¬
yuga Lake

See last entry

DeWitt Historical So.
ciety of Tompkins Co.
(Ithaca)

42

Chemung

Horseheads

Near Horseheads

-

,'^im

«

45

Tioga

Nichols

Near Nichols

■91

1 H9

Foster Disinger

46

«

«

«

|B§|

“

47

Broome

Kirkwood

Grounds of Bingham¬
ton State Hospital

On high terrace over¬
looking Susquehanna
River

Site has yielded nu¬
merous Lamoka type
points

«

«

Union

Between Willow
Point and Vestal

H |

«

Windsor

At or near Windsor
on Susquehanna

-

Marius Mallery,
.Windsor

Chenango

Near Bainbridge

,

Mortimer C. Howe
coli., Colgate Univer¬
sity, Hamilton, N. Y.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

81

1 ( continued )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Material

Size

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

Addenda

and

Acknowledgments

Dark gray flint

2 Vs" Vs" -

54 mm. 22 mm. —

Parallel sided

Full on both
faces

Good

Plate 8, figures B,b.
Photographs from
Frank H. H. Rob¬
erts, Jr., Smithson¬
ian Inst. Data from
W. Glenn Norris,
Ithaca, N. Y.

Yellow jasper

1

Sc

Sc

CO

Lower edges
incurvate

Both faces,
c. VzVA

Lower edges
and base

Plate 7, figures E, e.
Data and illustra¬
tion from W. Glenn
Norris, Ithaca,
N. Y.

Mottled gray flint
(Onondaga)

2 Vs" 1%" -

66.5 mm. 28 mm. —

Parallel sided

Both faces,
c. Vs and %

Slight on
base

Fair

Plate 9, figure A.
Data and illustra¬
tion from Foster
Disinger, Bingham¬
ton, N. Y.

Mottled dark blue
flint (Upper Mer¬
cer?)

V/s" 1M" -

Lanceolate

Both faces,
c. V2 and y

Lower edges

Poor

Plate 9, figure B.
Data and illustra¬
tion from Foster
Disinger, Bingham¬
ton, N. Y. An aber¬
rant form.

Mottled gray flint
(Onondaga)

iy2" -

38 mm. 21 mm. —

Parallel sided

Nearly full
on both faces

Lower edges
and base

Good

Plate 9, figures C, c.
Data and illustra¬
tion from Fester
Disinger, Bingham¬
ton, N. Y.

- 1%" ~

— 36 mm. —

Full on both
faces

Basal fragment.
Data from Foster
Disinger, Bingham¬
ton, N. Y.

Gray flint

W WV -

78 mm. 30 mm. —

Both faces,

c.y

iipSuii

Fair

Data from Foster
Disinger, Bingham¬
ton, N. Y.

Mottled brown
and gray flint (On¬
ondaga)

Both faces

Slight on base

Basal fragment
only. Found by
Herbert Bigford,
Earlville, N. Y.

82

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

«

«

S

LOCATION

SOURCE

£

z,

o

§

o

H

Eh

<

a

Ph

County

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

10

Madison

Fenner

Surface find on Nich¬
ols Pond site

Level field above
small stream and
pond

On prehistoric Iro-
quoian village

Robert Roberts

7

Otsego

Milford

Townsend Bishop
farm, c. H mile east
of Portlandville

In small valley along
brook draining into
Susquehanna River
on west flank of
Crumhorn Mountain

No artifacts nearby

Rowan Spraker

26

Richfield

About midway on
west shore Canader-
ago Lake

On low rise in level
field elevated c. 25
feet above lake

A second very simi¬
lar point from same
field

Leo N. McLean, Cat.
#M438

«

f

■

■

Scatter of Lauren-
tian artifacts in vi¬
cinity

“

27

Otsego

East bank Oaks
Creek

Low ground near
swale

Thin scatter of Laur-
entian and Point
Peninsula material

Leo N. McLean, Cat.
#M439

Delaware

Roxbury

Tyler flat, east side
road (R. 30), north¬
ern outskirts of Rox¬
bury, near spring,
north of pumping
station

Flood plain along
west bank, East
Branch Delaware
River

Following very simi¬
lar point from same
field

Ralph S. Ives

Found very close to
last entry. Many
Laurentian objects
on same site

Harry A. Reed, Jr.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

83

1 ( continued )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Size

Addenda

Material

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

and

Acknowledgments

Mottled tan and
brown jasper

l X" %" X"

38 mm. 24 mm. 6 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces,
nearly full

Slight on base
and extreme
lower edges

Fair

Plates 2 A, B, fig¬
ures B, b. Heavily
patinated. Tip looks
broken and re¬
worked. Robert
Roberts, Canasto-
ta, N. Y.

Brown jasper

356' m" Vs"

84 mm. 32.5 mm. 9.5 mm.

Both faces,
c. X and full

Very slight
on lower sides
and base

Fine

Plates 1 A, B, fig¬
ures G, g. Rowan
Spraker, Coopers-
town, N. Y.

Dark gray flint
(Onondaga)

l/46,/ X"

52 mm. 27 mm. 6 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Full on both
faces

Very slight
on base and
lower edges

Fair

Plates 4 A,fB, fig¬
ures D, d. Tip re¬
worked. Data from
Leo N. McLean,
Richfield Springs,
N. Y. An aberrant
form.

“

- - -

-

%

i 9 f)

“

“

Mottled gray and
tan flint (western
N. Y. Onondaga)

— —

Parallel sided

Lower edges
and base

“

Plates 4 A, B, fig¬
ures E, e. Basal por¬
tion only. Data from
Leo N. McLean,
Richfield Springs,
N. Y.

Tan flint

IX" 1" -

38 mm. 25.4 mm. —

Both faces,
c.X

Base only

Fair

Ralph S. Ives, Rox-
bury, N. Y.

■

W 'X" ~

27 mm. 20 mm. —

Triangular

Both faces,
nearly full

«

•

Data from RalphS.
Ives and Harry A,
Reed, Jr., Sidney,
N. Y.

84

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

zn

tt

H

tt

a

LOCATION

SOURCE

z

o

H

Pk

o

pa

El

J

p-i

County

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

23

Ulster

Shawangunk

Probably on historic
Esopus town of New
Fort, near Wallkill

On sandy plateau
about 75 feet above
Shawangunk Kill, a
tributary of Wallkill

•v"

Miss Joyce McHugh,
Wallkill, N. Y.

22

Esopus

Probably on Kings¬
ton Point

On high sand bluff
overlooking Hudson
and mouth of Rond-
out Creek. Dug from
c. 4 feet below surface
(2 feet dark refuse,

2 feet clear sand)

Overlying 2 feet dark
refuse contained
Laurentian and other
artifacts

N. Y. State Museum
#41519-1

25

Orange

Montgom¬

ery

Twin Fields site,
miles northwest of
Allard’s Corners

High level fields
along Dwaarkill

Sites of several cul¬
tures located on these
fields

Bear Mountain Trail-
side Museum, #AA-
43/12-0

24

“

“

«

“

«

Bear Mountain Trail-
side Museum, #AA-
42/12-0

“

«

«

«

|

Coll. Mr. Clark near
Allard’s Corners

«

Found less than a
mile east of Allard’s
Corners

■ife. &

Hgfl

“

6

Greene

Coxsackie

Vicinity of Coxsackie

Probably high level
fields along Hudson
River

Two following points
probably from same
locality

N. Y. State Museum
#36405-1

8

«

«

See last entry

N. Y. State Museum
#36405-2

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE! NORTHEAST

85

1 ( continued )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Material

Size

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

Addenda

and

Acknowledgments

Brown jasper

W l" X"

56 mm. 25.4 mm. 6 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Full on both
faces

Lower edge
and base

Good

Plates 4, A, B, fig¬
ures A, a. Tip seems
broken and rework¬
ed . Data from Stew¬
art H. Stephens,
Wallkill, N. Y.

Dark brown jasper

2%" 1" yl6"

61mm. 25.4 mm. 8 mm.

Lower edges
incurvate

Both faces,
c. X and X

Lower edges
and base

Plates 3 A,rB, fig¬
ures F, f. Found in
presence of James
Shafer, Poughkeep¬
sie, N. Y., and pre¬
sented by him to
N. Y. State Mu¬
seum. Very similar
to last entry.

Mottled green,
black and marcon
flint (Deepkill)

W X"

— 24 mm. 6 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces,

c.H

Fair

Plates 4 A, B, fig¬
ures C, c. Tip brok¬
en evidently in use.
Data from John C.
Orth, Bear Moun¬
tain Museum.

Light gray flint
(Fort Ann)

- 1" X"

— 25.4 mm. 6 mm.

a

None

Poor

Plates 4 A, B, fig¬
ures B, b. Tip miss¬
ing. Data from John
C. Orth.

Brown jasper

c. 2X" long

r • t* 7.^

■ ■

Data from Bear
Mountain Museum
through Mr. Orth

Olive-green flint
(Deepkill?)

c. V/2 long

. 3 1

; ' fe . ' ’

Ml

iC

Mottled light and
dark brown jasper

BW 1 W

85 mm. 29 mm. 9 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces,
c. X and Yz

Lower edges
and base

Fine

Plates 1 A, B, fig¬
ures F, f. Similar
to example from
Crumhorn Moun
tain. (See plate

1 A, B, figures G, g)

Mottled gray and

w w

Lower edges

Both faces,

Lower edges

Plates 1 A, B, fig¬

greenish flint
(Deepkill)

82 mm. 30 mm. 7 mm.

slightly in¬
curvate

c .X

and base
(slightly)

ures H, h

86

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

0D

Ctf

w

PQ

S

LOCATION

SOURCE

z

o

n

3

B

pH

County

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

19

Greene

Coxsackie

Vicinity of Coxsackie

Probably high level
fields along Hudson
River

See two last entries

N. Y. State Museum
#36405-3

11

Albany

Colonie

Harold Smith farm,
West Albany

Sand ridge along
Shaker Road

None

Carl S. Sundler

«

«

West Albany

Sandy ridge

«

«

21

Saratoga

Northum¬

berland

Henry Peck farm, c.
l/i mile north of
Bacon HilJ

High level field c.
mile west of Hudson
River

“

N. Y. State Museum
#39986

Wilton

Near village of Wil¬
ton

Probably on head¬
waters of Little
Snook Kill, near east¬
ern flank of Palmer-
town Range, some 8
miles in air line west
of Hudson River

Southwest Museum,
Los Angeles, Calif.
#1018-C-1 (Brill coll.)

52

Suffolk

Southold

Old Wickham farm,
Pipes Neck Creek,
Greenport, Long
Island

From flat cultivated
field adjoining tidal
creek

Artifacts of several
cultures found here

Roy Latham, #37

51

“

Southamp¬

ton

Near old “Spider
Legged Mill,” about

3 miles northwest of
Bridgehampton

Found about 1942 by
J.F. Raynor on new¬
ly cleared plowed
land, on high ground
(Ronkonkoma mo¬
rainal ridge)

No other artifacts
from entire field

Joseph F. Raynor,
Hampton Bays, N. Y.

Cattarau¬

gus

Little Valley

E. E. Mackey farm,
near Little Valley

Walter Tennies,
Lakewcod, N. Y.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

87

1 ( continued )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Size

Addenda

Materia]

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

and

Acknowledgments

Dark gray flint
(Onondaga)

W l94" X"

107 mm. 40 mm. 6 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces,
full and c. %

Lower edges
and base

Fine

Plates 3 A, B, fig¬
ures C, c. Largest
point in New York
series

Quartzite, peculiar
in having second¬
ary silica around
each grain

IVs" 1"

41mm. 25.4 mm. 5 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Full on both
faces

Too badly
weathered to
determine

Fair

Plates 2 A, B, fig¬
ures B, b. Most
deeply weathered
point seen. Tip of
point broken. Carl
S. Sundler, West
Albany, N. Y.

Greenish flint
(Normanskill)

— — —

—

^ .

-

—

Fragmentary blade
section

Dark gray flint
(probably Fort
Ann)

2%"

67 mm. 24 mm. 7 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Both faces,
full and c. Yi

Lower sides
and base
(slight)

Poor

Plates 3 A, B, fig¬
ures E, e. Gift of
Louis E. Follette,
Schuylerville, N. Y.

Dark greenish flint
(probably Nor-
manskill)

W 1" -

62 mm. 25.4 mm. —

One lower
edge slightly
incurved

Both faces,
c .%

Fair

Weathered flint

Mottled creamy
white and chest¬
nut brown flint

2" 1*4" 54"

51 mm. 30 mm. 8 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in¬
cur vate

Both faces,
c. and %

Lower sides
and base

Good

Plates 10 A, B, fig¬
ures E, e. Also illus¬
trated in Fowler,
1954, figure 2, 9.
Data from Roy
Latham, Orient,
N. Y.

Olive green flint
(probably Deep-
kill)

2%" 136" 36"

71mm. 32.5 mm. 7 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces,
c. % and %

Lower sides
and base

Good

Plates 10 A, B, fig¬
ures D, d. Moderate
degree of weather¬
ing.

Dark blue-gray
mottled flint (On¬
ondaga?)

» 1"

56 mm. 25.4 mm. —

Broad lance¬
olate, aber¬
rant form

One face, c.
%

Lower sides
and base

“

Illustrated in
Mayer-Oakes, 1955,
plate 1, B (and p.
44)

88

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

«

(3

a

LOCATION

SOURCE

£

o

t

O

w

a

p-i

County

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

Cattarau¬

gus

Cold Spring

Cold Spring, Alle¬
gany Seneca Reser¬
vation

William J. Congdon,
Hopewell, Va.

“

South Val¬
ley

Near Onoville

-

' ^9

Chautauqua

Kiantcne

At junction of Kian-
tone and Conewango
Creeks (Mayer-
Oakes site 30 Ch. 8)

Low, level land

Mixed surface mate¬
rial, Archaic and Late
Woodland. Follow¬
ing point from same
site

Walter Tennies,
Lakewood, N. Y.

“

“

“

“

See last entry

U

«

—

Shore of Chautauqua
Lake

1

1

W. T. Fenton Coll.,
U. S. National Mu¬
seum

“

-

c. 3 miles south of
Jamestown

-

—

-

Ellington

Anderson farm, be¬
tween Clear Creek
and Ellington

Low land along Clear
Creek

May have been in
refuse pit with crude
plain pottery

Eber L. Russell, Per-
rysburg, N. Y.

50

Busti

Lot 36

Near Busti

c. 30 feet above edge
of Stillwater Creek
(south side)

Few small weathered
flint flakes nearby in
same erosion-loosen¬
ed soil beneath sod

Waldo P. Stanford
Mayville, N. Y.

49

Erie

Collins

Flats on north side
Cattaraugus Creek,
just west of Gowan-
da city limits

Low land along Cat¬
taraugus Creek

Stuart Spittler, Gow-
anda, N. Y.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

89

1 (< continued )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Material

Size

L. B. T.

(in. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

Addenda

and

Acknowledgments

Gray flint (prob¬
ably Onondaga)

Lower edges
contracted
to form weak
stem

One face

Good

Illustrated in
Mayer-Oakes, 1955,
plate 3, C (and
page 46)

- -

—

—

Fair

Illustrated in
Mayer-Oakes, 1955,
plate 8, E

Gray flint

in" %" -

44.5 mm. 17 mm. —

Parallel sided

One face, c.

Vz

None

Poor

Illustrated in
Mayer-Oakes, 1955,
plate 1, A (and p.
44)

Mottled gray and
tan flint (probably
Onondaga)

m" M" -

46 mm. 19 mm. —

Both faces,

c.M

Lower edges
and base

Illustrated in
Mayer-Oakes, 1955,
plate 1, C (and p.
44)

Gray-brown flint
(Onondaga?)

— V / —

Both faces,
c. % and full

—

Fair

See Mayer-Oakes,
1955, plate 3, B and
p. 46

Brown flint

- - -

-

-

-

-

Dull gray flint

3" l M" -

76 mm. 32 mm.

Parallel sided

Both faces,
C.V2

Lower edges
and base

Good

See illustration in
Russell, 1952, pp.
5-7

Light gray flint
(western Ononda¬
ga)

2W' lHe" He"

74 mm. 36.5 mm. 5 mm.

Obovate

Both faces,
c. and Yz

Lower edges
and base

Excellent

Plates 10 A, B, fig¬
ures C,c. Data from
W. P. Stanford and
W. H. Glover, Buf¬
falo Historical So¬
ciety. An aberrant
form.

Mottled gray and
tan flint (western
Onondaga)

2He" 1" h"

62 mm. 25.4 mm. 6.5 mm.

Lower edges
slightly in-
curvate

Full on both
faces

Plates 10 A, B, fig¬
ures B, b. Data from
Alfred K. Guthe,
Rochester Museum
of Arts & Sciences
and Stuart Spittler.

90

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE

Table

Location, Source and Description of

Plate Caption Numbers

LOCATION

SOURCE

County

Township

and

Lot

Locus

Terrain

Association

Collection

and

Catalog Number

48

Erie

North Col-
Jins

Alfred J. Musacchio
farm, Yi miie north
of Lawtons on Go-
wanda State Rd.

Low, level ground,
heavy clay soil, not
near waterway

No other artifacts in
general vicinity

Alfred J. Musacchio,
State Rd., Lawtons,
N. Y.

TRACES OF EARLY MAN IN THE NORTHEAST

91

1 ( concluded )

Fluted Points from New York State

DESCRIPTION

Material

Size

L. B. T.

(iD. and mm.)

Form

Fluting

Grinding

Work¬

manship

Addenda

and

Acknowledgments

Dark blue-black
flint (Upper Mer¬
cer?)

3K"(est.) IK" He"

76 mm. 27 mm. 8 mm.
(est.)

Parallel sided

Both faces,
c.K

Lower edges
and base

Fair

Plates 10 A, B, fig¬
ures A, a. Data from
W. H. Glover, Buf¬
falo Hist. Soc., and
A. J. Musacchio.
Found on surface
after tilling ground.
Tip may have been
broken in digging
trench 2-3 H feet
deep.

Op o

Ontario ice lobe

Lake Iroquois, closing stage

(Fairchild, 1919, PI. i; 1928, Fig. 147)

Lake Vermont, Fort Ann stage
(Chapman, 1937, Fig. 4)